This is the Oral Communication in Context Self-Learning Module (SLM) for Senior High School, Quarter 2, Module 9: Types of Communicative Strategy. It covers the seven communicative strategies speakers use to keep a conversation on track: nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination. After working through it, learners are expected to use these strategies to avoid communication breakdown.
The module was developed by the Department of Education – National Capital Region as part of the Alternative Delivery Mode (First Edition, 2020). It was written by Julius Cezar D. Napallatan and edited by Joselito E. Calios.
On this page 7 sections
What learners will learn
The module states that learners will:
- Understand the seven types of communicative strategy: nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination
- Gain a deeper understanding of the nature and elements of oral communication in context
- Perform effective controlled and uncontrolled oral communication activities
- Use various strategies to avoid communication breakdown
What communicative strategies are
The module defines communicative strategies as plans, ways, or means of sharing information that people adopt to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose. Using them well helps speakers reach their purpose and creates a smooth flow of information between speakers and listeners. A poor communication strategy, on the other hand, leads to information blockages.
The seven types of communicative strategy
The module explains each strategy with examples, many set in online classes during the pandemic.
| Strategy | What it does | Example from the module |
|---|---|---|
| Nomination | Opens a topic and sets the purpose of the conversation, usually at the start | “Good morning, class. How are you today?” |
| Restriction | Limits the listener’s response to an expected set of answers so the talk stays on topic | Announcing 30 minutes of discussion on Pandemic and Mental Health, plus 10 minutes for questions |
| Turn-taking | Recognizing when and how to speak when it is one’s turn | Clicking the raise hand button and asking, “Can I please add something to the discussion?” |
| Topic control | Keeps the conversation going by asking questions that need a response | “That was an excellent point, Arlene! How about the rest of the class?” |
| Topic shifting | Introduces a new topic and continues it | Transitions such as “By the way” or “In addition to what I have already mentioned” |
| Repair | Overcomes communication breakdown to send clearer messages | Correcting “social distancing” to “physical distancing” |
| Termination | Ends the interaction with verbal and nonverbal messages | “See you later on our following online meeting schedule.” |
Turn-taking cues
Turn-taking requires each speaker to wait for others to finish, which helps avoid people talking over one another and gives everyone an equal chance to speak. Participants watch for verbal and nonverbal cues that the previous speaker has finished, such as a nod, a look, or a step back.
Ways to repair communication
The module lists five repair techniques:
- Requesting clarification: asking questions or using nonverbal signals (eyebrows, eyes, head, hands, or shoulders) to show the message was not understood
- Not acknowledging the new situation: the situation already in progress continues
- Topic shifting: steering the discussion away from a topic that has become problematic
- Repeating: a good way of correcting oneself
- Recasting: changing the form of a message that could not be understood
For termination, nonverbal signals can include a handshake or walking out.
Activities in this module
- What I Know (pretest): match seven descriptions with the seven strategies.
- What’s In and What’s New: a short reflection on communication during the lockdown and a photo to discuss.
- What’s More: write your own example of each strategy based on the pictures given.
- What I Have Learned: fill in the blanks to review the key definitions.
- What I Can Do: write a dialog using all seven strategies, scored on relevance, content, and mechanics/grammar.
- Assessment: identify the strategy used in ten short lines of speech.
- Additional Activities: with friends or relatives, shoot a 2-to-3-minute skit showing all seven strategies on one of these topics: caffeine addiction, plastic surgery, stress, anorexia, or childhood obesity. Upload it to social media or Google Drive and send the link to your teacher, or simply write the script on paper.
How to use this module
Learners: Start with the pretest to check what you already know, then go through each part in order. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper and do not mark the module. Answer keys for the pretest, What I Have Learned, and the Assessment are at the back; use them honestly to check your work after answering.
Parents and guardians: Help your child set aside quiet time to read each part, and encourage them to ask the teacher when a task is unclear. The skit activity is a good chance for family members to take part.
Teachers and facilitators: Use the rubrics in the module to score the dialog and the skit. Agree with learners on how they should send the skit link or script, since the module allows email, messenger, or a written script.
Frequently asked questions
What grade and quarter is this Oral Communication in Context module for?
It is a Senior High School module for Quarter 2, labeled Module 9: Types Communicative Strategy. The lesson inside is titled Lesson 3: Types of Communicative Strategy.
What are the seven types of communicative strategy?
They are nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination. Together they help speakers keep a conversation smooth and avoid communication breakdown.
What is the difference between topic control and topic shifting?
Topic control keeps the current conversation going by asking questions that need a response. Topic shifting introduces a new topic and continues it, often with transitions like “By the way.”
Does the module have an answer key?
Yes. The answer key at the back covers the pretest (What I Know), What I Have Learned, and the Assessment. The dialog and skit activities are scored with rubrics instead.
What is repair in communicative strategies?
Repair means overcoming communication breakdown to send a clearer message. The module lists five ways: requesting clarification, not acknowledging the new situation, topic shifting, repeating, and recasting.
Full text of the module
The text below is a transcription of the PDF above, as printed.
Oral Communication in Context Quarter 2 – Module 9: Types Communicative Strategy
Senior High School
[illustration: students reading, studying, and using a globe and a lamp outdoors and at home]
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY NOT FOR SALE
CO_Q2_Oral Communication in Context SHS_Module 9
Oral Communication in Context Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 9: Types Communicative Strategy First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Julius Cezar D. Napallatan Editor: Joselito E. Calios Reviewers: Joselito E. Calios, Wilma Q. Del Rosario, Cherie M. Olesco, Rufino Delos Santos, Emmanuel B. Penetrante Illustrator: Hannah Krystelle Q. Del Rosario, Emmerando Martin P. Cruz Lay-out Artists: Elinette B. Dela Cruz, Lovelyn F. Bargo Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Micah S. Pacheco, Dennis M. Mendoza, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, Carolina T. Rivera, Manuel A. Laguerta, Joselito E. Calios, Wilma Q. Del Rosario
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education – National Capital Region
Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City Telefax: 02-929-0153 E-mail Address: depedncr@deped.gov.ph
Senior High School
Oral Communication in Context Quarter 2 – Module 9: Types Communicative Strategy
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module Communicative Competence Strategies in Various Speech Situations was designed to make you better understand the following:
Types of Communicative Strategy
- Nomination
- Restriction
- Turn-taking
- Topic control
- Topic shifting
- Repair
- Termination
As you go through this module, you will have a deeper understanding of the nature and elements of oral communication in context. You will also perform effective controlled and uncontrolled oral communication activities.
After going through this module, you are expected to use various strategies in order to avoid communication breakdown.
What I Know
Directions: Match the words in column B with the phrases in column A.
| A | B |
|---|---|
| 1. Recognizing when and how to speak | A. NOMINATION |
| 2. Using verbal and non-verbal signals to end the Interaction | B. RESTRICTION |
| 3. Keeping the conversation going on | C. TURN-TAKING |
| 4. Introducing a new topic | D. TOPIC CONTROL |
| 5. Presenting a particular topic | E. REPAIR |
| 6. Overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages | F. TERMINATION |
| 7. Constraining the response within a set of categories | G. TOPIC SHIFTING |
Lesson 3: Types of Communicative Strategy
What’s In
It is important that people communicate to establish and maintain relationship. People are social beings, and it will be difficult to survive with less to no communication to others without communicating with other people. Do you remember what it feels like when you were in the lockdown during the pandemic? How does it feel to have physical distancing? Conversations are sometimes complex and miscommunication takes place so people just find themselves withdrawing from the communication process without achieving their goals. To be able to survive and succeed in every interaction, people must learn to cooperate and communicate in socially approved ways.
What’s New
Examine the picture. What do you think is happening? Are they able to communicate and achieve their goals?
[photo: a young boy with his hand on his ear, seated at a table in front of a tablet showing a person on screen]
Source: “Education logs on to online as schools, college remain shut”. The Times of India, June 2, 2020. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/education-logs-onto-online-as-schools-college-remain-shut/articleshow/76143676.cms
What is It
Communication is the heart of the community. Being able to use various communicative strategies leads to the achievement of the speech purpose and creates a smooth flow of information between the speakers and the listeners. Poor communication strategy allows for information blockages.
Communicative strategies are plans, ways or means of sharing information that are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose.
Types of Communicative Strategies
A. Nomination
This is usually used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the conversation. The speaker tries to open a topic with the people he is talking to. One must present a particular topic clearly and truthfully.
Example: Good morning, class. How are you today? Is it raining in your area?
B. Restriction
This is used in constraining the reaction or response within a define set of categories. This is useful when narrowing down a listener’s response to an expected set of answers. This prevents the conversation from going off topic.
Example: We will have 30 minutes of online discussion regarding the topic on Pandemic and Mental Health. An additional 10 minutes will be allotted for your questions and related concerns.
C. Turn-taking
This strategy is used to establish and sustain a productive conversation. Turn taking is recognizing when and how to speak when it is one’s turn. This requires each speaker to wait for the others to complete their turn talking. This strategy can be used to avoid participants talking over one another that may cause conflicts. Turn-taking provides persons equal opportunity to say their piece.
Participants must watch out for the verbal and non-verbal cues that signal the next speaker that the previous speaker has finished talking. One may employ visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step back.
Example: (Clicked the raise hand button) Can I please add something to the discussion?
D. Topic Control
This is a communicative strategy used in keeping the conversation going on by asking questions that requires a response from the listener. Topic control also allows the other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and continue the conversation.
Example: That was an excellent point, Arlene! How about the rest of the class? You may put your responses on the jamboard link found on the chat box, or you may simply click the raise hand button and share your thoughts.
E. Topic Shifting
This is defined as introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic. Topic shifting is a strategy that works best when there is a follow through so that a new topic continues to be discussed. One may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift.
Examples: By the way, In addition to what I have already mentioned, It is dangerous to go out, especially that the Delta COVID-19 variant is here! But even if we practice physical distancing, we should not stop to socialize with our friends and family members via phone calls or social media applications.
F. Repair
This communicative strategy refers to overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages. Repair Communicative Strategy includes:
1. Requesting clarification – One may ask questions or use non-verbal communication such as eyebrows, eyes, head, hands, or shoulders to show that the message could not be understood.
Not acknowledging the new situation – The situation already in progress will continue.
Topic shifting – This can help direct the discussion to another topic or divert the attention of the listener from the topic that has become problematic.
Repeating – This is a good way of correcting oneself.
Recasting – This refers to changing the form of the message that could not be understood.
Example: We definitely should practice social distancing, I mean, physical distancing to become safe during this pandemic. Can anyone restate the difference between these two terms?
G. Termination
This strategy ends the interaction by using verbal and nonverbal messages that the participants send to one another. Nonverbal may include a handshake or walking out.
Example: Thank you …. Okay, all done… See you later on our following online meeting schedule.
What’s More
Directions: Based on the definition and examples discussed above, come up with another example for each communicative strategy presented in each the picture below.
- Nomination: _____
[illustration: people seated around a table, one person at a whiteboard or screen]
- Restriction: _____
[illustration: a woman standing and speaking to a group seated around a table]
- Turn Taking: _____
[illustration: a group of people in a room, two people reaching toward each other]
- Topic Control: _____
[illustration: a speaker at the front of a room with a raised hand from an audience member]
- Topic Shifting: _____
[illustration: two women talking face to face]
- Repair: _____
[illustration: two women seated on a couch, one touching the other’s arm]
- Termination: _____
[illustration: two people at a doorway beside a parked car, one waving]
What I Have Learned
Directions: Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
Communicative strategies are used to overcome _____ problems in order to send the messages clearly.
There are _____ types of communicative strategies that, when used effectively, allow for the adjustment of the message and its delivery.
Nomination is used when _____ a topic.
_____ is used in constraining the response within a set of categories.
_____ is recognizing when to speak because it is one’s turn.
Topic control _____ the conversation going on.
Topic shifting is used to _____ a new topic.
Repair is a strategy to overcome communication _____ .
Termination is using verbal and nonverbal signals to _____ an interaction.
What I Can Do
Directions: Using the seven communicative strategies discussed in this module, create a dialog based on the picture below.
[illustration: four people gathered closely, one holding a paper or tablet]
Rubric
| Criteria | 5 | 3 | 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relevance | All the lines are relevant to the given scenario | Most of the lines are relevant to the given scenario | Few lines are relevant to the given scenario |
| Content | The dialog contains the seven communicative strategies | The dialog contains less than five communicative strategies | The dialog contains less than three communicative strategies |
| Mechanics/ Grammar | The dialog is free from misspelled words and incorrect grammar and punctuation | The dialog contains a few misspelled words and incorrect grammar and punctuation | The dialog contains many misspelled words and incorrect grammar and punctuation |
Assessment
Directions: Identify the communicative strategy used in each item. Write your answer before the number.
Nomination Restriction Topic shifting Repair Turn taking Topic control Termination
_____ 1. “I guess it would be better if we speak one at a time.”
_____ 2. “Have you heard about the news this morning?”
_____ 3. “This time, I will talk about the effects of mining.”
_____ 4. “My talk will focus on the effects of cigarettes.”
_____ 5. “I’m so sorry, but I really need to leave now.”
_____ 6. “Hey! How are you?”
_____ 7. “See you around!”
_____ 8. “Where will you go after that?”
_____ 9. “Good to see you. Anyway, I came to visit you because I want to personally offer apologies for what I did yesterday.”
_____ 10. “Now, it’s your turn to ask questions.”
Additional Activities
Directions: With your friends or relatives, shoot a 2-to-3-minute skit showing the seven communicative strategies and upload it in your social media account or Google Drive. Send the link to your teacher’s email or messenger, or you can simply write the script on a paper. You may choose any of the topics below.
- Caffeine Addiction
- Plastic Surgery
- Stress
- Anorexia
- Childhood Obesity
Rubric
| Criteria | 5 | 4 | 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Content | All communicative strategies are seen in the presentation | At least four communicative strategies are seen in the presentation | Less than four communicative strategies are seen in the presentation |
| Script | Script has complete, logical story with a beginning, middle, and end. | Script is complete. It has a story with a beginning, middle, and end. | Script is complete with rough spots; Beginning, middle and end may be difficult to determine. |
| Projection | The audience could hear all words with naturalness and ease in communication | The audience could hear most words with naturalness and ease in communication | The audience could hear few words with naturalness and ease in communication |
| Grammar | There are no errors in grammar | There are few errors in grammar | There is a number of errors in grammar |
Answer Key
[transcriber’s note: this page is printed upside down (rotated 180 degrees); the content below is transcribed in reading order from the rotated layout]
What I Have Learned / Assessment
What I Have Learned:
- communication
- seven
- presenting
- restriction
- Turn taking
- keeps
- introduce
- breakdown
- end
Assessment:
- Turn Taking
- Nomination
- Topic Shifting
- Restriction
- Termination
- Nomination
- Termination
- Topic Control
- Nomination
- Turn Taking
What I Know
- C
- F
- D
- G
- A
- E
- B
References
Anudin, Ali G. and Andrew Rey Pena. Oral Communication. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc., 2016.
Balgos, Anne Richie G. and John Philippe F. Sipacio. Oral Communication in Cotext for Senior High School. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc., 2016.
Browne, Steve. “The First Step to Effective Meetings: Do We Really Need to Meet?” Talent Management & HR. Accessed May 30, 2020. https://www.tlnt.com/the-first-step-to-effective-meetings-do-we-really-need-to-meet/
Flores, Ramona S. Oral Communication in Context. Manila: Rex Book Store, 2016.
Mack, Stan. “Importance of a Communication Strategy.” AZ Central. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/importance-communication-strategy-7918.html
Pesce, Claudia. “7 Turn Taking Strategies that will Boost Student Speaking Time.” Busy Teacher Organization. Accessed November 8, 2019 https://busyteacher.org/20571-7-turn-taking-strategies-boost-student-speaking.html
The Associated Press. “Fistfight breaks out in Bolivian Congress.” NBC News. Accessed 5 November 5, 2019 http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20399555/ns/world_news-americas/t/fistfight-breaks-out-bolivian-congress/#.XcS2sTMza00
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph
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