Arts 6 Quarter 3 Module 1: Elements and Design of Printing • DepEd Tambayan

This is the Grade 6 Arts Quarter 3 Module 1 self-learning module, Elements and Design of Printing. It was developed by DepEd Region VI (Western Visayas) for home-based learning (First Edition, 2020). In three lessons, learners trace how printing began, review the elements of art, and learn the principles of design. Along the way they make simple stencil prints at home.

On this page 8 sections

What learners will learn

After going through this module, the learner is expected to:

recognize the origin of art;
name the different persons who developed styles of printing arts;
identify the different elements and principles of arts; and
examine the harmonies created in arts.

Lessons in this module

Lesson 1: The Beginning of Art and Print. Covers early printing methods, from cave hand stencils to modern printing machines. Learners then make positive and negative stencil prints.
Lesson 2: Principles and Elements of Art. Explains the seven elements of art (line, shape, form, value, space, texture, and color) with their types and categories.
Lesson 3: Principles of Design. Shows how artists organize the elements, using animals as examples of each principle.

ARTS6-Q3-MODULE1

Key ideas: the history of printing

Lesson 1 walks through printing methods used by different peoples:

Stencil: cave people made hand stencils by blowing natural colored pigment over a hand held against a wall.
Seals: the ancient Chinese stamped seals over melted wax, sometimes for religious and healing purposes. Europeans used seals cast in metal to imprint company, institutional, or family logos.
Woodblock printing (xylography): the first recorded method of printing, using engraved wooden blocks on paper and textile.
Metal-block movable printing: used to print banknotes and official documents. Movable characters gave each bill a different combination of marks to prevent counterfeiting.
Flat-bed printing press: developed by the Germans, it presses an inked surface onto paper. It was used for newspapers, books, and brochures.
Lithography: invented by a Bavarian author, it prints from a smooth surface using a chemical process. It is still used for posters, maps, books, newspapers, and packaging.
Screen printing: began with Japanese stenciling, was patented by Samuel Simon of England, and was adopted by Americans for multi-color prints.

The lesson also defines three related terms:

A stencil is an instrument with design gaps that let pigment pass through.
Stenciling applies pigment over those gaps to make a pattern.
Stencil printing transfers a pattern by brushing, spraying, or squeezing ink or paint through the open areas.

There are two kinds of stencil print:

Positive stencil printing: you paint around the design.
Negative stencil printing: you paint the design onto the surface.

Key ideas: elements of art and principles of design

Element	What it means in the module
Line	A point moving in space; may be outline, contour, gesture, sketch, calligraphic, or implied
Shape	Two-dimensional, with height and width but no depth
Form	Three-dimensional; encloses volume, such as a cube, sphere, or cylinder
Value	Lightness or darkness, from white to black, with middle gray halfway
Space	Positive and negative areas, or a sense of depth through perspective
Texture	How things feel, or look as if they would feel
Color	Has three properties: hue, value, and intensity

The color section explains the color wheel:

Primary colors: red, yellow, and blue.
Secondary colors: orange, violet, and green.
Intermediate colors: made by mixing a primary and a secondary color.
Complementary colors: colors opposite each other on the wheel.

It also explains color harmonies, which are combinations that create pleasing looks or feelings: analogous, triadic, and monochromatic colors, plus warm and cool colors.

Lesson 3 presents the principles of design, the ways artists use the elements:

balance (symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial)
emphasis
movement
pattern
repetition
proportion
rhythm
variety
unity
contrast
harmony

Each principle is paired with an animal. The snail’s spiral shell shows radial balance, the zebra’s stripes show pattern, and a school of fish shows unity.

Activities

Activity 1, Leaf Stencil: a positive stencil using bond paper, cartolina, scissors, and watercolor.
Activity 2, Hand Imprint Stencil: a negative stencil made with poster paint on a paper plate.
Activity 3, Coin Stenciling: rubbing charcoal or pencil lead over paper placed on coins.
Activity 4, Drawing: draw one copied picture and one imagined picture, then discuss what makes something art.
Color by Numbers: an African elephant picture colored blue, green, grey, and pink.

How to use this module

Start with the pretest (What I Know) to see what you already know.
Work through each lesson in order: the reading, the activities, and the story of Elly the curious elephant.
Answer each lesson’s assessment.
Check your work with the answer key at the back.

The module asks learners to write answers on a separate sheet of paper and not to mark the module itself.

For learners: use the answer key honestly. The essay in Lesson 3 (“Case of the Purple Picture”) has no right or wrong answer.

For parents: help gather the simple materials, such as bond paper, poster paint, coins, and crayons, and supervise the painting activities.

For teachers: Activity 4 asks learners to show you their drawings and have them posted on the board. Please review the answer key before using it, since a few entries do not match their questions.

Frequently asked questions

What grade and quarter is this Arts module for?

It is for Grade 6 Arts, Quarter 3, Module 1, titled Elements and Design of Printing. It was developed by DepEd Region VI (Western Visayas) as a self-learning module.

What lessons are in the module?

There are three lessons: The Beginning of Art and Print, Principles and Elements of Art, and Principles of Design.

What is the difference between positive and negative stencil printing?

In positive stencil printing, you paint around the design so the design itself stays unpainted. In negative stencil printing, you paint the design onto the surface, as in the hand imprint activity.

Does the module have an answer key?

Yes, answer keys for all three lessons are at the end of the module. Some entries do not match their questions, so teachers should check them before use.

What materials do the activities need?

Mostly simple items: bond paper, colored cartolina, pencil, scissors, watercolor or poster paint, a paper plate, coins, charcoal or pencil lead, cotton balls, and crayons.

Full text of the module

The text below is a transcription of the PDF above, as printed.

Arts Quarter 3 – Module 1: Elements and Design of Printing

Arts

Quarter 3 – Module 1: Elements and Design of Printing

[illustration: students reading and studying outdoors under a tree, a teacher with a student at a desk, a boy studying by lamplight, and two students with a globe]

ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY MODE

GOVERNMENT PROPERTY NOT FOR SALE

CO_Q3_Arts 6_ Module 1

Arts – Grade 6 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 1: Elements and Design of Printing First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author: Azalea Eulalio – Jabagat Editor: Ma. Lourdes Lizzette Z. Remola Reviewers: Melany S. Nazareta, Rebecca Y. Ibarreta, Mahnnie Q. Tolentino, Hajji S. Tropa Illustrator: Gerry D. Almanon Layout Artist: Gerry D. Almanon Management Team: Ma. Gemma M. Ledesma, Josilyn S. Solana, Miguel Mac D. Aposin, Jose Niro Nillasca, Elena P. Gonzaga, Donald T. Genine, Jerry A. Oquendo, Dobie P. Parohinog, Mahnnie Q. Tolentino, Rebecca Y. Ibarreta, Hajji S. Tropa, Rovie C. Abello

Printed in the Philippines by _____________________

Department of Education – Region VI – Western Visayas Office Address: Duran St., Iloilo City Telefax: (033) 336-2816, (033) 509 7653 E-mail Address: region6@deped.gov.ph

Arts

Quarter 3 – Module 1: Elements and Design of Printing

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master art. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the module you are now using.

After going through this module, the learner is expected to:

recognize the origin of Art;
name the different persons who developed styles of printing Arts;
identify the different elements and principles of Arts; and
examine the harmonies created in Arts;

What I Know

How much do you know about the topic of this module? Answer the questions below for you to find out. State TRUE if the statement is a fact and FALSE if the statement is not true.

_____ The ancient people used cave walls as the canvas for these arts.
_____ These colors were used by the ancient people made from grounded plants and trees that has natural colors.
_____ The visual components of Art can be seen in its principles.
_____ This is the means that an artist uses to organize elements within a work of art.
_____ This is a printing technique which evolved from Japanese stenciling.
_____ This is used by the Chinese and the Europeans to imprint their company of family logos.
_____ The oldest mechanical device for print transfer.
_____ This was used to print bank notes by the Japanese.
_____ It produces an image or pattern by applying pigment to a surface over an object with designed gaps.
_____ a method of transferring a pattern by brushing, spraying, squeezing ink or paint through the open areas of a stencil.

Lesson 1: The Beginning of Art and Print

Have you ever wondered where art had come from? Have you ever asked yourself why everything you see around you are placed in a manner which is pleasing to the eye? The signages, the layout of newspapers, the packaging of everyday products and the different designs used are all colorful and attractive. Some of them were made by hand, but mostly they were made by modern machines.

In this lesson we will learn about the origin of art. Who were the people responsible in developing printed arts? How did they used the different elements and principles of design to produce printable arts?

After using this module, you should be able to understand the beginning of printing arts, its application and the modern machines used in printing.

Are you ready to start? You may go now to the next page and begin Lesson I.

What’s In

Look at pictures below. They are the printed arts by different ancient people around the world. Let us discover them and know who were the people that developed them.

1. Stencil

[photo: hand stencils on a cave wall]

Hand stencils were made by Cave men by blowing natural colored pigment over a hand held against a wall.

2. Seals

[photo: two gold seals, one with a carved top]

Ancient Chinese used seals to stamp over melted wax. The seals had religious purposes, used as healing devices by impressing therapeutic characters onto the flesh of sick people.

Europeans used seals to imprint their company, institutional or family logos. They used clay molds called casting, poured with melted metals. When the metal hardens, it is removed from the clay molds by breaking it. The result is the metal mold of the seal.

[photo: black wax seal impression with an “S” design]

3. Woodblock Printing

[photo: carved woodblock]

Woodblock printing, also known as xylography today is the first ever recorded method of printing. It became widely used for paper and textile printing. It uses engraved woodblock blocks.

[photo: printed page with Chinese characters]

4. Metal-block Movable Printing

[photo: metal movable type blocks]

[photo: old printed book pages with Chinese characters]

[photo: museum display of round metal type tables]

Metal movable type appeared in the late Japanese era. It was used to print banknotes and official documents.

Copper-block print has square holes for embedding movable characters such that each printed paper money had a different combination of markers for preventing counterfeit.

5. Flat-bed Printing Press

[photo: antique flat-bed printing press]

A printing press is a mechanical devise applying pressure to an inked surface thereby transferring an image.

Developed by the Germans, it replaced the metal block printing. It became the sole modern movable type of printing that was used for mass consumption.

6. Lithography

[photo: lithography press in a workshop]

Invented by a Bavarian author, it is a method on printing on a smooth surface. It uses a chemical process to create image. There is a positive image to which the ink clings to and the clean side becomes the negative.

High-volume lithography is used today to produce posters, maps, books, newspaper and packaging.

7. Screen Printing

[photo: people working with screen printing frames]

Screen printing has its origins in simple stenciling by the Japanese, patented by Samuel Simon (England) and adopted by the Americans, who used it for multi-prints. It used negative copies of patterns to infuse different colors to one picture design.

What’s New

There are different ways and techniques of printing designs. Some of them are made by hand. Others are made by machines.

By using the simple technique of stenciling, you can make art designs.

[photo: four-panel collage of people working on stencil printing, with a screen frame, ink, and a stenciled sheet]

Stencil printing is a method of transferring a pattern by brushing, spraying, squeezing ink or paint through the open areas of a stencil.

Stenciling produces an image or pattern by applying pigment to a surface over an object with designed gaps. It creates the pattern or image by only allowing the pigment to reach some parts of the surface.

[photo: stencil sheets with cut-out floral mandala designs]

A stencil is an instrument with a design created in it, in the form of design gaps. The gaps that are crafted normally allows pigment pass through.

[illustration: three stencil designs: an ornate floral oval, a rabbit silhouette, and a jack-o’-lantern face]

What is It

Would you like to do your own stenciling? Here is how.

Let us do a positive stencil printing. A positive stencil printing allows you to paint around the desired design. The desired design is left untouched while the outside surface shall be covered by paint.

Activity 1: Leaf Stencil

Materials Needed:

1 pc of bond paper
1 pc colored cartolina
pencil
a pair of scissors
Water color and paint brush

Step 1: Draw the desired design on a bond paper.

[illustration: gray leaf shape]

Step 2: Cut-out the leaf design.

[photo: cut-out leaf shape]

Step 3: Place the cut-out leaf over a new piece of bond paper.

[photo: cut-out leaf placed over bond paper]

Step 4: Color over the stencil pattern with crayons, marker or water color.

[photo: hand coloring over the leaf stencil with a yellow marker]

Step 5: Remove the leaf stencil. The resulting print is one that is called positive stencil printing. You may add details if you desire.

[photo: green leaf print with a drawn center vein and outline]

Now let us try to do a negative stencil printing. A negative stencil printing allows you to paint the design onto the surface.

What’s More

A negative stencil is what results, when a design is imprinted in a sheet of paper or textile.

Activity 2: Hand Imprint Stencil

Materials Needed:

1 pc of bond paper
1 pc paper plate
Any color of poster paint

Step 1: Pour the poster paint in the paper plate. Mix to even out the consistency of the paint.

[photo: black poster paint being poured onto a paper plate]

Step 2: Dip your hand in the paint.

[photo: hand coated with black paint]

Step 3: Place your hand in the coupon bond to imprint the hand with paint.

[illustration: outline of a hand over a black paint silhouette]

Step 4: Wait for a few seconds for the paint to soak in the paper. Lift the hand. Wait for the paint to dry.

[photo: black handprint on gray paper]

The resulting print is one that is called negative stencil printing. Choose more colors and be creative.

[illustration: repeated multicolored handprints in pink, blue, green, red, and yellow on a white background]

What I Have Learned

Read the story of Elly the curious elephant. Try to identify the things that Elly learned about art and printing.

[illustration: savanna scene with an elephant and a meerkat under acacia trees]

Caption: In the Savanna, there is a curious elephant named Elly. He always asks questions.

Caption: One day while he was walking down the riverbank, he saw a small meerkat named Milley. She was making something.

Caption: He came closer and asked the meerkat what he was doing.

Elly: Hi there, what are you doing?

Milley: I am making a clay cast of the lion’s paw.

Caption: Elley and Milley went to see the “know-all” Baboon.

Elly: Why are you making a cast of the lion’s paw?

Milley: I am going to make a print out of it.

[illustration: rows of lion paw prints]

Elly: Why are you going to print out of it? Where are you going to use it?

Milley: It’s for my collection. I’m fond of collecting animal foot, paw & hoof prints.

Milley: There are different styles and techniques of getting prints. I use it as stamps.

Elly: Wow! Who taught you to do these printing styles?

Milley: The know-it-all Baboon. He taught me all I know. C’mon I will show you.

transcriber’s note: the speech bubbles on this page have no speaker labels in the original; each bubble is transcribed in reading order.

Elly and Milley soon arrived at the tree where the “know-it-all” Baboon live.

[illustration: baboon sitting beneath a large tree]

Welcome visitors! How may I be of service today? I am the “know-it-all” Baboon but you may call me Bamby.

[illustration: meerkat beside a speech bubble]

Mr. Bamby my friend here wants to know about the art of printing using stencils and other techniques.

Oh I see… There are many ways to do art using transfer print techniques. The most common of all is the stencil printing.

[illustration: elephant beside a speech bubble]

Please help me learn printing. I also want to make many arts and collect them.

Ok c’mon. Let us start our first lesson.

The process of stamping seals and paint transfer was a process that originated in China and soon spread to countries around East Asia and Europe.

A seal is a general term used for printing stamps and impression which are used in exchange of signatures in personal documents, office, paperwork, contracts and arts.

The seals were typically made of stone, wood, metal or ivory, they were engraved with images and were dipped in red ink or wax.

[photo: hands stamping a seal onto paper]

[photo: Chinese Seals in Ancient Seal Script]

[photo: wooden seal handle with red wax impressions]

These hand stencil cave printings were made by cave people found in Latin America. This was done by the positive image formed by covering the hand with paint and placing it on a surface. The stencil which is the negative images formed by placing the hand against a surface and blowing paint around it.

[photo: hand stencil cave printing in reddish paint]

Mr. Bamby, what does this contraption do?

[photo: flatbed printing press with a man operating it]

A flatbed press employs a flat surface where the paper of garment id placed to be pressed against the plates which has the embossed design or art desired.

Used widely in Europe, developed by the Germans. It was used by printing newspapers, books and brouchers.

The flatbed printing had evolved itself to the modern printing machines we see today. They use state of the art ink transfer system to create beautiful and colorful arts.

The modern printing machines were developed by American giant printing companies.

[photo: modern flatbed digital printer printing colorful images]

Still my favorite print art is the stencil. I can make so many artistic images and use different pigments to make them attractive.

Yes that is correct Milley, print stenciling is very easy and you can make different designs.

[illustration: elephant beside a speech bubble]

Wow these are so amazing! Now I’m inspired to do my own print arts. Thank you Mr. Bamby!

Elly started doing his own art. He uses the art of silkscreen printing to create wonderful quotes which he posts all over the savanna to remind his fellow animal to love and preserve their home. He also made amazing t-shirt designs for the human guests who visits the savanna.

What I Can Do

Did you like the story of Elly? Were you also motivated and encouraged to do your own print art? Would you like to try?

Here is a stencil art that you can do on your own. Follow the steps and see the amazing results.

Activity 3: Coin Stenciling

Materials Needed:

Coins (Money)
Charcoal or pencil lead
Bond paper
Cotton balls

Step 1: Place the coins under the paper.

[illustration: coins placed under a sheet of bond paper]

A drawing of placing a coin under a bond paper.

Step 2: Rub the charcoal or pencil lead over the paper with the coin below. You will notice that the embossed design of the coin is engraved in the paper.

[illustration: pencil rubbing over a coin on paper]

A drawing of rubbing the coal on the paper.

Step 3: Gently rub the cotton balls over the coal stenciled art to smooth out the design.

[illustration: cotton ball rubbing over a charcoal stencil]

A drawing of rubbing the cotton balls over the coal stencil.

Step 4: Gently blow out the rubbed coal.

What result is an imprint of the embossed coin design on the paper.

[photo: colorful coin stencil prints on paper]

A drawing of the final result of the stencil art.

Assessment

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

What was the earliest printed art in recorded history?
a. A photograph
b. Paintings of Leonardo de Vinci
c. Books printed by a flatbed printing press
d. Hand stencil painting in the caves of Argentina
Who were the first to used blocks with engraved designs dipped in red colors or wax?
a. Americans
b. Chinese
c. Germans
d. Japanese
What is a print transfer technique that uses chemical process to transfer designs to paper or textile?
a. Lithography
b. Seal
c. Silk Screen printing
d. Stencil
What is an instrument with a design created with gaps. The gaps allow pigment pass through to make an art?
a. Casting
b. Lithography
c. Paint transfer
d. Stencil
What do you call a method of transferring a patter by brushing, spraying, squeezing ink or paint through the open areas of a stencil?
a. Casting
b. Lithography
c. Photocopy
d. Stencil printing

Lesson 2: Principles and Elements of Art

Do you know what an Art is? Can you imagine a world without any works of art? There would be no photographs or paintings, decorated walls, no sculptures, no imagery in advertisements and no outlet for artistic expressions.

Art is all around us. It is such a wonderful thing to learn. Art appeals to everyone, regardless of age, gender and culture, because it crosses all boundaries.

Art is so powerful because it can be open to interpretation. People of all levels can appreciate a piece of art. By learning about art, we can start to see how beautiful our world is.

[photo: painting “Starry Night” by Van Gogh]

Van Gogh, Starry Night

What’s In

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on separate sheet of paper.

What element may be a continuous mark made on a surface with a pointed tool or implied by the edges of shapes and forms?
a. Art
b. Color
c. Harmonies
d. Lines
What comes from light, that when passed through a prism creates hues?
a. Color
b. Harmonies
c. Lines
d. Shapes
What is created when a line crosses itself or intersects with other lines to enclose a space?
a. Color
b. Lines
c. Shapes
d. Spaces
What refers to the space inside, around and above a sculpture or object?
a. Color
b. Lines
c. Space
d. Texture
What is the surface quality of an object?
a. Color
b. Lines
c. Space
d. Texture
What element may be two or three dimensional?
a. Art
b. Color
c. Harmonies
d. Lines
What element of art that is two-dimensional, flat or limited to height or width?
a. Color
b. Form
c. Lines
d. Shapes
What element encloses volume, height, width and depth?
a. Form
b. Lines
c. Spaces
d. Value
What element has a halfway that is an extreme called gray?
a. Color
b. Lines
c. Texture
d. Value
What element of art has intensity as its quality of brightness and purity?
a. Color
b. Lines
c. Space
d. Texture

What’s New

There are so many different forms of art that most people enjoy. It could be pencil sketches, water color paintings, realistic portraits, or completely abstract pieces.

Art continues to fascinate people because there is no right or wrong interpretation. When you look at any piece of art, it can range from the learning about the basic elements of art to the principles of design.

Would you like to know more about the elements and principles of art? Let us discover them.

[illustration: teacher pointing at sample lines (solid, dashed, wavy, curved)]

lines. It is an element of art which is defined as a point moving in space.

A line may be two or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

[illustration: teacher pointing at a circle, a square and a triangle]

Shapes is an element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

[illustration: teacher pointing at a rectangle, a cylinder and a cube]

Form is an element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width and depth, examples are cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder. Form may also be free flowing.

[illustration: teacher pointing at a black-and-white drawing of a moon, mountain and starry sky]

Value is the lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value, while black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

[illustration: teacher pointing at a drawing of a face and a vase showing positive and negative space]

Space is an element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth is achieved in a work of art.

Texture is an element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.

[illustration: teacher pointing at a pile of textured gray cubes]

[illustration: teacher pointing at a color wheel]

Color is an element of art made up of three properties: hue, value and intensity. The name of the color is called Hue. Value is the hue’s lightness and darkness. A color’s value changes when white or black is added. The quality of brightness and purity is called Intensity. When the intensity is high, the color is strong and bright and when the intensity is low, the color is faint and dull.

What is It

Here is an activity that will make you think what makes something an art.

Activity 4: Drawing

Materials Needed:

Bond paper
Pencils
Coloring materials

Note: You may use rulers, patterns or any other art materials that you want to use.

Directions:

Draw two pictures. One drawing must be a drawing of anything you can find in your surroundings that you can copy (like your room, your kitchen, or a flower vase) and the other is a picture that you can imagine (like a landscape of a mountain side, the sunset, or even your school).
When the two drawings are finished, ask yourself these questions:
a. What makes one drawing art and the other not art.
b. Will your intention in drawing two separate drawings matter?
c. Were your efforts in drawing the pictures the same? If not why?
d. Show your drawing to your teacher. Do not tell your teacher which drawing is copied and imagined. Ask her the same questions above.
Ask your teacher to post your drawing picture and tack it up on the board. Ask your friends or classmates the same questions above.

What I Have Learned

Here are important Elements of Art that you may want to consider when you want to make art.

Line: An element of art used to define shape, contours, and outlines. It also suggests mass and volume. It may be a continuous mark made on a surface with a pointed tool or implied by the edges of shapes and forms.

[chart: sample line types; no number or title printed]

Line samples	Line samples	Line samples	Line samples
broken	thick	wavy	curved
horizontal	thin	parallel	zigzag
vertical	dotted	perpendicular	spiral

Characteristic of Line are:

Width – thick, thin, tapering, uneven
Length – long, short, continuous, broken
Direction– horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curving, perpendicular, oblique, parallel, radial, zigzag
Focus– sharp, blurry, fuzzy, choppy
Feeling– sharp, jagged, graceful, smooth

Types of Line:

Outlines– Lines made by the edge of an object or its silhouette.
Contour Lines– Lines that describe the shape of an object and the interior detail.
Gesture Lines– Lines that are energetic and catch the movement and gestures of an active figure.
Sketch Lines– Lines that capture the appearance of an object or impression of a place.
Calligraphic Lines– Greek word meaning “beautiful writing”. Precise, elegant handwriting or lettering done by hand. Also, artwork that has flowing lines like an elegant handwriting.
Implied Line– Lines that are actually not drawn but created by a group of objects seen from a distance. Implied line is the direction an object is pointing to, or the direction a person is looking at.

[illustration: line drawing of a whale tail above stylized waves]

Color: Color comes from light. If it were not for light, we would have no color. Light rays move in a straight path from a light source. Within this light, rays include all of the colors in the spectrum or rainbow. Shining a light into a prism will create a rainbow of colors because it separates the color of the spectrum. When the light rays hit an object, our eyes respond to the rays that are reflected back and we see only the reflected colors.

[photo: light beam split into a rainbow by a prism]

Categories of Color

Color Wheel is a tool used to organize color. It is made up of:

Primary Colors – Red, Yellow, and Blue.
These colors cannot be mixed, they must be bought in some form.
Secondary Colors – Orange, Violet, and Green.
These colors are created by mixing two primary colors.
Intermediate Colors – Red Orange, Yellow Green, Blue Violet, etc.;
Mixing a primary with a secondary creates these colors.
Complementary Colors – Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel. When placed next to each other they look bright and when mixed together they neutralize each other.

Color Harmonies

Color Harmonies are certain combinations of colors that create positive looks or feelings.
Analogous Colors are colors that are next to each other on the color wheel. Examples include red, red orange, and orange.
Triadic Harmonies are three equally spaced colors on the color wheel.

For example, yellow, Red, and Blue are a triadic harmony color scheme.

a. Monochromatic is one color used with different values and intensity. For example, light brown, brown and dark brown are monochromatic colors. b. Warm colors are on one section of the color wheel and give the feeling of warmth. For example, red, orange, and yellow are the colors of fire and warmth. c. Cool colors are on the other side of the color wheel from the warm colors. They give the feeling of coolness. For example, blue and violet are the colors of water, and green is the color of cool grass.

[chart: color wheel and color scheme diagrams; no number or title printed]

Labeled small wheels: primary, analogous, hue, secondary, complementary, tint, intermediate, split complementary, shade.

Shape: When a line crosses itself or intersects with other lines to enclose a space, it creates a shape. Shape is two-dimensional and has height and width, but no depth.

[chart: shape reference; no number or title printed]

SQUARE	CIRCLE	TRIANGLE	RECTANGLE	SCALENE
PENTAGON	RIGHT	TRAPEZE	KITE	POLYGON
PARALLELOGRAM	ELLIPSE	TREFOIL	STAR	SEMICIRCLE
HEXAGON	CRESCENT	OCTAGON	CROSS	RING
PIC	HEART	ARROW	QUATREFOIL	RHOMBUS

Categories of Shapes:

Geometric Shapes – Circles, Squares, rectangles, and triangles. We see them in architecture and manufactured items.
Organic Shapes -Leaves, seashells, and flowers are organic shapes.
We see them in nature and they have free flowing, informal and irregular characteristics.
Positive Shapes – In a drawing or painting, positive shapes are the solid forms (positive space) in a design such as a bowl of fruit. In a sculpture, positive shapes are solid areas of the sculpture that remain after removing portions of the sculpture.
Negative Shapes – In a drawing or painting, the space around the positive shape is negative space. Negative space can form a shape when it meets a positive shape. Negative space can include the sky or spaces between objects. In sculpture, the negative space is the portion that is removed from a sculpture.
The negative space can become a shape when it meets the positive form of the sculpture.
Static Shapes – Shapes that appear stable and resting.
Dynamic Shapes – Shapes that appear to be moving and active.
Space Negative– space surrounds a sculpture or object.

A person can walk around sculptures and objects, look above them, and enter them.

[illustration: sixteen solid shapes drawn in outline, with labels: SQUARE PYRAMID, CUBOID, TORUS, OCTAHEDRON, HEXACONAL PYRAMID, ICOSAHEDRON, PENTAGRAMMIC PRISM, PENTAGONAL PRISM, TRIANCULAR PRISM, CUBE, CYLINDER, DODECAHEDRON, HEXACONAL PRISM, TETRAHEDRON, CONE, SPHERE]

Space: It refers to the space inside, around, and above a sculpture or object. A three-dimensional object with positive space will have height, width, and depth.

Space in a two-dimensional drawing or painting refers to the arrangement of objects on the picture plane. The picture plane is the surface of your drawing paper or canvas. You can have a picture plane that is a crowded space with lots of objects or an empty space with very few objects.

A two-dimensional piece of art has height and width but no depth. The illusion of depth can be achieved by using perspective. Perspective is the technique that is used to create the illusion of depth in your picture. Perspective makes your picture look like it is moving to the distance like in a landscape or cityscape.

Categories of Space

Positive space – Similar to a positive shape, it is the actual sculpture or building.
Negative space – Similar to a negative shape, it is the space around the sculpture or building.
Picture Plane– is the flat surface of your drawing paper or canvas.
Composition– is the organization and placement of the elements on your picture plane.
Focal Point– is the object or area you want the viewer to look at first.

[illustration: six black-and-white composition sketches with captions: “consider composition”, “draw big”, “fill the whole paper”, “lines off the paper”, “placement in relation to horizon”, “smaller in distance, larger closer up”]

Types of Perspective

Nonlinear Perspective is the method of showing depth that incorporates the following techniques.
Position – Placing an object higher on the page makes it appear farther back than objects placed lower on the page.
Overlapping – When an object overlaps another object it appears closer to the viewer, and the object behind the object appears farther away.
Size Variation – Smaller objects look farther away in the distance. Larger objects look closer.
Color – Bright colors look as if they are closer to you and neutral colors look as if they are farther away.
Value – Lighter (not brighter] values look as if they are farther back and darker values look as if they are closer.
For example, in a landscape the mountains often look bluish and lighter than the trees or houses that are closer to you.
Linear Perspective is the method of using lines to show the illusion of depth in a picture.

Types of linear perspective

a. One-point perspective – When lines created by the edge of an object or building look like that are pointing to the distance and these lines meet at one point on the horizon. To see an example, stand in the middle of the hallway and look at the horizontal lines in the brick or the corner where the ceiling meets the wall. See how they move to one point on the horizon line.

b. Two-point perspective – An additional line added to one-point perspective that goes to a different point on the horizon line.

[illustration: two drawings of a rocky cliff with a tree on top, one in pencil and one in color]

Texture: Texture is the surface quality of an object. A rock may be rough and jagged. A piece of silk may be soft and smooth, and your desk may feel hard and smooth. Texture also refers to the illusion of roughness or smoothness in a picture.

[illustration: eight texture swatches with labels: smooth, rough, woven, bumpy (top row); hard, soft, jagged, ridged (bottom row)]

Categories of Texture

Real Texture is the actual texture of an object. Artists may create real textures in art to give it visual interest or evoke a feeling. Real texture occurs only in a three-dimensional sculpture or a collage. A piece of pottery may have a rough texture so that it will look like it came from nature or a smooth texture to make it look burnished.
Implied Texture in two-dimensional art is made to look like a certain texture but in fact is just a smooth piece of paper. Like a drawing of a tree trunk may look rough but in fact it is just a smooth piece of paper.

[illustration: five drawn spheres, each showing a different surface texture]

Value: Value is the range of lightness and darkness within a picture. Value is created by a light source that shines on an object creating highlights and shadows. It also illuminates the local or actual color of the subject.

Value creates depth within a picture making an object look three-dimensional with highlights and cast shadows, or in a landscape where it gets lighter in value as it recedes to the background giving the illusion of depth.

[illustration: pen-and-ink drawing of flowers and leaves with cross-hatched shading]

Categories of Values

Tint is adding white to a color paint to create lighter values such as light blue or pink.
Shade is adding black to a paint color to create dark values such as dark blue or dark red.
High-Key is a picture with all light values.
Low-Key is a picture with all dark values.
Value Contrast is light values placed next to dark values to create contrast of strong differences.
Value Scale is a scale that shows the gradual change in value from its lightest value, (white) to its darkest value (black).

[illustration: a gradient bar from white to black, above a five-step scale numbered 1 to 5 from white to black]

[illustration: a five-step value scale numbered 1 to 5 from black to white]

Form: Form is the three-dimensionality of an object. Shape is only two-dimensional; form is three-dimensional. You can hold a form, walk around a form, and in some cases walk inside a form. Value can imply form in drawings or paintings. Shading a circle in a certain manner can give it the illusion of a sphere.

[photo: four artworks arranged in a grid: a painted self-portrait of a man in a hat, a carved wooden head, a glazed ceramic figure, and a painting of a woman with flowing hair]

Mastery of the elements of art make will make you do art works better. Practice makes perfect. You should try them in your free time. You might discover a hidden talent in you.

Have you learned any techniques that you want to practice? Here is an illustration of the basic elements of art for you to remember.

Elements of Art

[transcriber’s note: the table has no printed column headings, so the header row is left blank]


Line	[illustration: four lines labeled broken, thick, wavy, curved]
Shape & Form	[illustration: five shapes labeled SQUARE, CIRCLE, TRIANGLE, RECTANGLE, SCALENE]
Color	[illustration: three color wheels]
Texture	[illustration: four texture swatches labeled hard, soft, jagged, ridged]
Space	[illustration: three composition sketches labeled consider composition, draw big, fill the whole paper]
Value	[illustration: five-step value scale numbered 1 to 5]

Assessment

Do you now have an idea on the elements and principles of Art? Would you like to try how much you have learned?

Modified Identification: In the box below, write the element of art that corresponds to the definition and picture drawn.

[transcriber’s note: the table has no printed column headings, so the header row is left blank]


1.	[illustration: pencil sketches of a glass and textures labeled smooth, rough, hard, soft, bumpy, jagged, woven]	An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.
2.	[illustration: color wheel of twelve colors]	An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.
3.	[illustration: four small sketches labeled “Smaller in the distance”, “Filled the whole paper”, “Shows perspective”, “Overlapping shapes”]	An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art.

[transcriber’s note: table continued from the previous page]



4.	[illustration: two rectangles, one gray on a light background and one gray on a black background]	The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.
5.	[photo: charcoal still life of bottles and a rounded jug on a draped cloth]	An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width and depth and it may also be free flowing.
6.	[illustration: colorful flat shapes: circles, ovals, triangles, rectangles, and a diamond]	An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.
7.	[illustration: grid of patterned squares filled with lines, dots, and geometric designs]	An element of art defined by a point moving in space. It may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

Lesson 3: Principles of Design

You have now learned how Printmaking was discovered and how it has evolved.

You have also learned that the basic elements and principles of art helps you make amazing arts.

Now here is another lesson that could help you understand better on how you could design your art to make it more pleasing.

The principles of design in art can be a little abstract but once you understand that these principles are tools that you can use in making art incredible.

When you think of tools, it does not mean a specific material but it is more on techniques or “tricks”. This is what artists use to get a perspective of a certain art. Many artists do this instinctively and without naming the process but knowledge is power. Knowing the terminology and reasoning behind the principles of design is a good place to start.

Are you ready? Let us begin.

What I Know

Essay. Write your answer to the questions on a separate sheet of paper.

“Case of the Purple Picture”

[illustration: cartoon parrot speaking]

Do you still remember the two pictures that you have done in Lesson 2? It was pinned by your teacher in your art wall.

One day your teacher says that she wants to use your pictures. You are excited. She takes your art and covers the whole thing in purple and then she tacks it back up on the art wall. Under it she writes:

“This is a picture of _____________.”

Questions:

Would you be mad? Why or why not?
Would your picture still be a good picture? Why?
What is the picture?
How do we know what a good picture is?
How do we know what the person who drew the picture meant?

What’s In

In this lesson you will learn to identify and distinguish how the principles of design are used to visually organize an artwork.

Visual art manifests itself through media, ideas, themes and sheer creative imagination. Yet all of these rely on basic structural principles that, like the elements you have been studying, combine to give voice to artistic expression. Incorporating the principles into your artistic vocabulary not only allows you to objectively describe artworks you may not understand, but contributes in the search for their meaning.

The first way to think about a principle is that it is something that can be repeatedly and dependably done with elements to produce some sort of visual effect in a composition.

The principles are based on sensory responses to visual input, elements “appear” to have visual weight, movement, etc. The principles help govern what might occur when particular elements are arranged in a particular way. Using a chemistry analogy, the principles are the ways the elements “stick together” to make a “chemical”, in your case, an image.

Another way to think about these design principles is that they express a value judgment about a composition. For example, when we say a painting has “unity” we are making a value judgment. We might also say that too much unity without variety is boring and too much variation without unity is chaotic.

The principles of design help you to carefully plan and organize the elements of art so that you will hold interest and command attention. This is sometimes referred to as visual impact.

In any work of art there is a thought process for the arrangement and use of the elements of design. The artist who works with the principles of good composition will create a more interesting piece; it will be arranged to show a pleasing rhythm and movement. The center of interest will be strong and the viewer will not look away, instead, they will be drawn into the work. A good knowledge of composition is essential in producing good artwork. Some artists today like to bend or ignore these rules and by doing so are experimenting with different forms of expression. The following page explore important principles in composition.

Principles of Design

Principles of Design

The principles of design describe the ways that artists use the elements of art in a work of art.

“Like me, a Chameleon, I was designed by nature to be a colorful creature. I use my design to hide from predators and to hunt for my food. I can change color to match my environment. This is how I was designed and I love it. I hope you love it too.”

[illustration: rainbow-colored chameleon]

Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design was a scale, these elements should be balanced to make a design feel stable. In symmetrical balance, the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side; in asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but still look balanced.

“Like me, an Elephant, my physical features are perfectly balanced. I was made to be big and heavy. My body structure is proportion to my weight & size. I am both gentle and strong. I was made perfectly balanced.”

[illustration: gray elephant]

In radial balance, the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar.

“Like me, a Snail, my shell has a radial design, it was designed to start from a single point and spiral around it.

[illustration: snail with spiral shell]

Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. Usually the artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. The area could be different in size, color, texture, shape, etc.

“Like me, a colorful Parrot. I was designed to be colorful. My colors contrast but they are beautiful. The color of my wings stands out among my features. Making me very attractive.”

[illustration: red, blue, and yellow parrot]

Movement is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the work of art, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along lines, edges, shape, and color within the work of art.

“Like me, a Butterfly, I was designed to be colorful so you would always be drawn to look at my special features. I have a small body but you tend to appreciate my beautiful patterned colors.”

[illustration: blue butterfly with yellow spots]

Pattern is the repetition of an object or symbol all over the work of art.

“Like me, Im a Zebra. My body is riddled with patterns.

Did you know that even if we Zebras, look exactly alike, no two Zebras ever have the same pattern.”

[illustration: zebra]

Repetition works with pattern to make the work of art seem active. The repetition of elements of design creates unity within the work of art.

“Like me, awhite Tiger. My patterns are attractive and is one of the rarest. Without my patterns I will never be recognized as a tiger.”

[illustration: white tiger with dark stripes]

Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with each other. When drawing a figure, proportion can refer to the size of the head compared to the rest of the body.

“Like me, a Giraffe, I was designed to be tall. The size of my body is proportioned to support the length of my long neck. My legs are also long and strong to balance my body. My head is small so that my neck can support it.”

[illustration: giraffe]

You see that even in nature, animals and their design were based on the principles of design.

For you to understand these principles you must practice and apply them in your art work.

Rhythm is created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement. Rhythm creates a mood like music or dancing. To keep rhythm exciting and active, variety is essential.

“Like me, a Peacock, my tail feathers have so many colors and design and yet they form an organized visual pattern that is harmonized.”

[illustration: peacock]

Variety is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.

“Like us, we are different breeds of dog.”

[illustration: three dogs of different breeds]

Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.

“Like us, we are a school of Fish. We were designed to be individually wonderful but when we group together, we feel complete. The way we move in water as a unified organism, you could not tell that it is composed of many individual fishes.”

[illustration: school of colorful fish]

What is It

Here is an activity for you to practice if you have learned some of the principles of design. Color the picture. Color the numbered parts with the corresponding color.

Activity: Color by Numbers

Materials Needed: Crayons: Blue, Green, Grey and Pink

The African Elephant is one of the most endangered animals in the world. Hunted for their ivory tasks.

You can lighten or darken your color depending on your perspective of design.

[illustration: outline of an African elephant divided into numbered regions; caption “African Elephant”; key “1-blue 2-green 3-grey 4-pink”]

[transcriber’s note: the region numbers inside the outline are not transcribed; they are part of the coloring activity picture]

What I Have Learned

The principles of design are not as difficult as you think. These principles are the means that an artist uses to organize elements within a work of art.

Observe the illustration below. They are basic techniques for you to follow.

The Principles of Design (How to use the tools to make art)

Principle	Illustration	Description
Pattern	[illustration: rows of five identical black human figures]	A regular arrangement of alternated or repeated elements (shapes, lines, colors) or motifs.
Contrast	[illustration: black figure beside white figure on a split black and white background]	The juxtaposition of different elements of design (for example: rough, smooth textures, dark and light values) in order to highlight their differences and/or create visual interest or a focal point.
Emphasis	[illustration: many black figures with one red figure in the center]	Special attention/importance given to one part of a work of art (for example, a dark shape in a light composition). Emphasis can be achieved through placement, contrast, color, size, repetition. It relates to focal point.
Balance	[illustration: one large black figure beside a column of smaller black figures]	A feeling of balance results when elements of design are arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically to create the impression of equality in weight of importance.

[transcriber’s note: the table has no printed column headings; the header row above is supplied for the table layout]

The Principles of Design (How to use the tools to make art)
Proportion / Scale	[illustration: tall figure beside a much smaller figure]	The relationship between objects with respect to size, number, and so on, including the relation between parts of a whole.
Harmony	[illustration: radial arrangement of figures around a central circle]	The arrangement of elements to give the viewer the feeling that all the parts of the piece form a coherent whole.
Rhythm / Movement	[illustration: row of figures of varying sizes]	The use of recurring elements to direct the movement of the eye through the artwork. There are five kinds of rhythm: random, regular, alternating, progressive, and flowing. The way the elements are organized to lead the eye to the focal area. Movement can be directed for example, along edges and by means of shape and color.

Assessment

Would you like to know how much you have learned from the lesson? Try this activity.

Modified Identification: Supply the missing words in the sentence that pertains to a principle of design. If you can, illustrate the principles in the space provided.

_____ is a principle of design used to create the look and feeling of action and to guide the viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.