Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 Module 7: Magmatism

Senior High School

Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 7: Magmatism

[illustration: students studying under a tree, a teacher helping students at a desk, a globe, and a student reading by a lantern]

CO_Q1_ELS SHS Module 7

Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 7: Magmatism First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Jessa M. Ariola

Editors: Melanie I. Samudio, Jocelyn M. Manset

Reviewers: Jason Ricaforte, Angelica Beriña, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan, Job S. Zape Jr., Crisjee B. Silvestre, Colita I. Patricio, Jhimson V. Cabral

Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo

Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset

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Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 7: Magmatism

Senior High School

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 1 – Magmatism

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the characteristics of magma;
2. identify the substances/elements present in magma; and
3. explain the processes involved in the formation of magma.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What term should be used to describe a semi-liquid hot molten rock located beneath the Earth?

   • A. lava
   • B. magma
   • C. rocks
   • D. sand

2. What do you call the semi-liquid hot molten rocks found on the surface of earth once the volcano erupts?

   • A. lava
   • B. magma
   • C. rocks
   • D. sand

3. What process occurs if there are formation and movement of magma under the earth’s crust?

   • A. decompression melting
   • B. flux melting
   • C. heat transfer
   • D. partial melting

4. In what part of the earth does magmatism happen?

   • A. Asthenosphere
   • B. Earth’s core
   • C. Earth’s crust
   • D. Lithosphere

5. What are the two most abundant elements in magma?

   • A. oxygen and iron
   • B. oxygen and magnesium
   • C. silicon and aluminum
   • D. silicon and oxygen

6. What will happen to the temperature of rocks during partial melting?

   • A. decreases
   • B. increases
   • C. remains the same
   • D. all of the above

7. Which of the following is NOT a factor of partial melting?

   • A. addition of volatiles
   • B. an increase in pressure
   • C. an increase in temperature
   • D. decrease in pressure

8. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt last?

   • A. biotite
   • B. feldspar
   • C. quartz
   • D. none of the above

9. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt first?

   • A. biotite
   • B. feldspar
   • C. quartz
   • D. both b and c

10. Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. What process is being described?

    • A. decompression melting
    • B. flux melting
    • C. heat transfer
    • D. partial melting

11. Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure. However, during convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level) and the pressure is reduced. What process is being described?

    • A. decompression melting
    • B. flux melting
    • C. heat transfer
    • D. partial melting

12. When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, the melting points of minerals within the rocks decrease. What process is being described?

    • A. decompression melting
    • B. flux melting
    • C. heat transfer
    • D. partial melting

13. During partial melting of magma, where does heat transfer take place?

    • A. convergent boundary
    • B. mid-ocean ridge
    • C. subduction zone
    • D. all of the above

14. During partial melting of magma, where does decompression melting take place?

    • A. convergent boundary
    • B. mid-ocean ridge
    • C. subduction zone
    • D. all of the above

15. During partial melting of magma, where does flux melting take place?

    • A. convergent boundary
    • B. mid-ocean ridge
    • C. subduction zone
    • D. all of the above

Lesson 1 Magmatism

Do you still remember what happened to Taal Volcano last January 12, 2020? Yes, you are right. This volcano, which is located at the province of Batangas, spewed ash plumes up to nine miles (14 kilometers) into the air due to a “steam-driven” or phreatic eruption. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), for the past two days, over 600 volcanic tremors have been recorded which was an indication of continuous movement of magma or molten rocks beneath the volcano. You might be wondering how magma got inside the volcano.

For this module, we will be discussing all about magma, its formation and composition.

What’s In

Activity 1. Decoding Time

In the previous lesson, you have learned that Earth’s interior is the site of great amount of heat. Let us review first about this before proceeding to the next topic.

Your task is to reveal the magic words by decoding the given numbers to their corresponding letters of the alphabet. Then, complete the statement below using those words.

5	1	18	20	8
E	A	R	T	H

Example: Word: EARTH

18	1	4	9	1	10	9	15	14

1. Word: _____

18	1	4	9	15	7	5	14	9	3		8	5	1	20

2. Word: _____

3	15	14	4	21	3	20	9	15	14

3. Word: ______________________________________

16	18	9	13	15	18	4	9	1	12		8	5	1	20

4. Word: ______________________________________

3	15	14	22	5	3	20	9	15	14

5. Word: ______________________________________

9	14	20	5	18	14	1	12		8	5	1	20

6. Word: ______________________________________

The Earth’s internal heat comes from two main sources: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the (7) _________________ left over from the formation of the Earth. The heat can be transferred by three processes, namely, (8) _________________, (9) _________________, and (10) _________________.

Notes to the Teacher

This module will help you understand the concepts of magmatism. All parts are comprised of various activities. Be guided with the instructions on how you will answer each. Expectedly, you will meet the target at the end of the module.

What’s New

Activity 2. Picture Analysis

Observe the picture of Mount Mayon and answer the following.

[illustration: Mount Mayon erupting, with a column of smoke and ash rising from the summit]

Mount Mayon is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. It erupted for eight minutes last January 23, 2018, spewing a 3-mile-tall column of debris and volcanic gas. It exploded at least five more times for two days.

According to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), two “explosion-type earthquakes” had occurred, as well as 18 tremor events — some of which sent forth fountains of lava. One of the lava flows advanced nearly 2 miles from the summit’s crater.

The amount of knowledge gained in biology is so large that it has many branches. The following table lists some of the major ones.

[transcriber’s note: the table referred to in the sentence above is not printed on this page]

A. Give three (3) important details of Mount Mayon eruption.

1. 
   
2. 
   
3. 
   

B. What is the material being extruded by Mount Mayon? Where do you think did this material come from?

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What is It

What is Magma?

Magma is composed of semi-liquid hot molten rocks located beneath the Earth, specifically in the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate. This molten state, when solidified, creates igneous rocks found on the surface of the Earth.

Do you know the difference between magma and lava? Magma and lava are both molten rocks. However, they differ in location. Magma is found in the magma chamber of the volcano while lava is found on the surface of earth once the volcano erupts.

Magmatism is a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of magma occur. So where does these formation and movement take place? These happen in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle, known as asthenosphere.

[illustration: cross-section of the Earth showing the lithosphere, mantle, asthenosphere with convection arrows, outer core, and inner core]

Figure 1. Convection Process in Asthenosphere

On the given figure, identify the substances/elements present in magma.

[chart: pie chart; Figure 2. Composition of Magma]

Element	Percentage (as printed)
Sodium	2.8%
Calcium	3.6%
Iron	5.0%
Aluminum	8.1
Silicon	27.7%
Potassium	2.6%
Magnesium	2.1%
Others
Oxygen	46.6%

Figure 2. Composition of Magma

Guide Questions:

1. Which of the following elements has the highest amount in the magma?

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2. Which of the following elements has the lowest amount in the magma?

---

3. What are the top two compositions of magma?

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How is magma formed?

The magma present in the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth is formed or generated through the process of partial melting. In this process, different minerals in rock melt at different temperature and pressure. Another factor being considered in this process is the addition of volatile materials such as water and carbon dioxide.

This is a diagram showing how minerals in rocks undergo partial melting.

[illustration: three panels showing rock minerals at successive stages of partial melting]

This solid rock contains the minerals quartz, feldspar, biotite, and hornblende.

The first minerals that melt are quartz and some types of feldspar. The background represents magma.

Minerals such as biotite and hornblende generally melt last, which changes the composition of magma.

Figure 3. The Process of Partial Melting

Melting in the mantle requires one of three possible events to occur:

1. An increase in temperature: Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. This process is known as heat transfer. As magma rises, it is often hot enough to melt the rock it touches. It happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together.

[chart: diagram of a convergent boundary; Figure 4. Heat Transfer in Convergent Boundary]

Labels printed in the diagram: Plate; Plate; Sea level; Volcano; Trench; Oceanic crust; Lithosphere; Asthenosphere, weak, hot; Wet partial melting of oceanic crust creater [?] magma.

Figure 4. Heat Transfer in Convergent Boundary

Rocks are composed of minerals. These rocks start to melt once the temperature in the lower crust and upper mantle increases or exceeds the melting point of minerals. The temperature of mantle is around 1200 degrees Celsius. Rock minerals such as quartz and feldspar begin to partially melt at around 650-850 degrees Celsius.

2. A decrease of pressure: Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure. However, during convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level) and the pressure is reduced. This triggers the melting of magma. This is known as decompression melting. This process occurs at the Mid-Ocean Ridge, an underwater mountain system.

[illustration: “At a Mid-Ocean Ridge” block diagram showing crust, magma chamber, decompression melting, ridge, upwelling mantle rocks, and lithosphere, with arrows showing plate movement]

Figure 5. Depression Melting in Mid-Ocean Ridge

3. Addition of volatiles: When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, flux melting occurs. The melting points of minerals within the rocks decrease. If a rock is already close to its melting point, the effect of adding these volatiles can be enough to trigger partial melting. It occurs around subduction zones.

[chart: diagram of a subduction zone; Figure 6. Flux Melting in Subduction Zone]

Labels printed in the diagram: Volcanic arc; Moho; Subducting Plate; Volatiles are released from the crust, overlying asthenosphere melts; Flux melting at a subduction zone.

Figure 6. Flux Melting in Subduction Zone

What’s More

Activity 3. Concept Map

Fill-in the boxes from the Magmatism concept map. Choose your answers on the box below.

Example: Item Number 1 is MAGMA

[chart: concept map; Activity 3. Concept Map. Boxes are numbered 1 to 17 and are blank except the example. Printed connecting labels:]

• Magmatism → 8: “happens when solid rocks melt through the process of”
• 8 → 9, 12, 15 (bracket): “is affected by three factors”
• 9 → 10: “increases, this process is known as”
• 10 → 11: “happens in”
• 12 → 13: “decreases, this process is known as”
• 13 → 14: “happens in”
• 15 → 16: “are added, this process is known as”
• 16 → 17: “happens in”
• Magmatism → 7: “happens in (part of the Earth)”
• Magmatism → 1: “is a process of formation and movement of”
• 1 → 3 and 4: “is mostly composed of elements”
• 1 → 2: “solidified and become”
• 1 → 5: “when extrudes to the Earth’s crust is called”
• 5 → 6: “erupts from a”

Word box:

• asthenosphere
• convergent boundary
• decompression melting
• flux melting
• heat transfer
• igneous rocks
• lava
• magma
• mid-ocean ridge
• oxygen
• partial melting
• pressure
• silicon
• subduction zone
• temperature
• volatiles
• volcano

What I Have Learned

Activity 4. What Do You Think?

Based on the discussion, justify your answer to the following questions.

a. Do you think partial melting will occur if the pressure is high in the asthenosphere?

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---

---

b. Do you think partial melting will occur if there is too much amount of water in the subduction zone?

---

---

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Activity 5. Safety First!

Read the given paragraph and answer the following questions.

Last January 12, 2020, Taal Volcano located in the province of Batangas, started spewing ash and began showing signs of unrest after 43 years of inactivity. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) raised its alert status to Level 2 due to a “steam-driven” or phreatic eruption, according to Phivolcs, which happens when water beneath the ground or on the surface gets in contact with hot magma. This disaster had tremendous impacts to Batanguenos and people near Batangas.

1. How would you prepare yourself to survive a volcanic eruption in the place where you live?

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2. From that event, what are the values you learned and witnessed?

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What I Can Do

Activity 6. Apply It!

Observe the illustrations below and relate these to the lesson.

A.

[illustration: a human skull silhouetted against a bright light source with radiating lines]

What is in the picture?

---

---

How will you relate it to magmatism?

---

---

---

B.

[illustration: a young woman in a green top sitting on and pressing down on an overflowing suitcase]

https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/young-woman-sitting-on-overflowed-suitcase-and-trying-to-close-it-preparing-for-gm642734944-116522947

What is in the picture?

---

---

How will you relate it to magmatism?

---

---

C.

[illustration: four panels of broken rock fragments and a swirling dark circular form]

What is in the pictures?

---

---

How will you relate it to magmatism?

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transcriber’s note: the module’s title page is not among these pages; the running footer reads “CO_Q1_ELS SHS Module 7”.

Activity 7. ACRONYM!

Use the word MAGMATISM as an acronym. Use each letter to represent word/s that is related to the lesson.

Letter	Word/s
M
A
G
M
A
T
I
S
M

transcriber’s note: the table is printed without a header row; the header above is added for the table format.

Assessment

[illustration: hand holding a pencil]

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What process occurs if there are formation and movement of magma under the earth’s crust?
   a. decompression melting
   b. flux melting
   c. heat transfer
   d. partial melting

   
   

2. What term should be used to describe a semi-liquid hot molten rock located beneath the Earth?
   a. lava
   b. magma
   c. rocks
   d. sand

   
   

3. In what part of the earth does magmatism happen?
   a. Asthenosphere
   b. Earth’s crust
   c. Earth’s core
   d. Lithosphere

   
   

4. What do you call the semi-liquid hot molten rocks found on the surface of earth once the volcano erupts?
   a. lava
   b. magma
   c. sand
   d. rocks

   
   

5. During partial melting of magma, where does decompression melting take place?
   a. convergent boundary
   b. mid-ocean ridge
   c. subduction zone
   d. all of the above

   
   

6. Which of the following is NOT a factor of partial melting?
   a. addition of volatiles
   b. an increase in pressure
   c. an increase in temperature
   d. decrease in pressure

   
   

7. When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, the melting points of minerals within the rocks decrease. What process is being described?

   1. decompression melting
   2. flux melting
   3. heat transfer
   4. partial melting

8. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt last?
   a. biotite
   b. feldspar
   c. quartz
   d. none of the above

   
   

9. What are the two most abundant elements in magma?
   a. oxygen and iron
   b. oxygen and magnesium
   c. silicon and aluminum
   d. silicon and oxygen

   
   

10. What will happen to the temperature of rocks during partial melting?
    a. decreases
    b. increases
    c. remains the same
    d. all of the above

    
    

11. During partial melting of magma, where does heat transfer take place?
    a. convergent boundary
    b. mid-ocean ridge
    c. subduction zone
    d. all of the above

    
    

12. Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure. However, during convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level), and the pressure is reduced. What process is being described?
    a. decompression melting
    b. flux melting
    c. heat transfer
    d. partial melting

    
    

13. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt first?
    a. biotite
    b. feldspar
    c. quartz
    d. both b and c

    
    

14. During partial melting of magma, where does flux melting take place?
    a. convergent boundary
    b. mid-ocean ridge
    c. subduction zone
    d. all of the above

    
    

15. Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. What process is being described?
    a. decompression melting
    b. flux melting
    c. heat transfer
    d. partial melting

    
    

Additional Activities

Read the poem below and answer the question that follows.

Magma by Jemie Ann A. Quiroba (Mataasnakahoy Senior High School) HUMSS 12 SY 2019-20

I kept myself I hid to deep Burned and pressured I must go out, must go with the flow My red tears shouted pain, as it glows So as I am, later on it would be tough I freed my burning self and I’ll go reach the top

What is the message of the poem?

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Answer Key

transcriber’s note: this page is printed upside down. The three columns are transcribed below in upright reading order, left to right as they appear on the page when turned right side up.

What I Know

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. C
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. C

What’s In

Activity 1

1. RADIATION
2. RADIOGENIC HEAT
3. CONDUCTION
4. PRIMORDIAL HEAT
5. CONVECTION
6. INTERNAL HEAT
7. primordial heat
8. conduction
9. convection
10. radiation

What’s New

Activity 2

Answers may vary

What’s More

Activity 3

1. magma
2. igneous rocks
3. silicon
4. oxygen
5. lava
6. volcano
7. asthenosphere
8. partial melting
9. temperature
10. heat transfer
11. convergent boundary
12. pressure
13. decompression melting
14. mid-ocean ridge
15. volatiles
16. flux melting
17. subduction zone

Activity 4

A. No. There is NO partial melting because there should be a decrease of pressure in the asthenosphere.

B. No. There is NO partial melting because too much water will decrease the melting of the rocks.

What I Have Learned

Activity 5

Answers may vary

What I Can Do

Activity 6

A. The ice cream is melting due to sunlight. This is related to heat transfer.

B. Compressing clothes in the luggage. This is related to the decompression melting.

C. Melting of different materials. This is the same as the minerals in the rocks melt to form magma.

Activity 7

Answers may vary.

Assessment

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. D
14. C
15. C

References

Alfie B., “How does magma form?”, MyTutor, Accessed May 28, 2020. https://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/11278/A-Level/Geology/How-does-magma -form/

Charles, Alan. Slideshare., “Section 2: Igneous Rock Preview Key Ideas: The Formation of Magma.” Accessed May 28, 2020. https://slideplayer.com/slide/7543230/

Chesnutt, Betsy. “What is Magmatism? – Definition, Process & Types”, Study.com, Accessed May 28, 2020. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-magmatism-definition-process-types.html

CNN Philippines Staff. “Taal still a threat with ‘magma resupply’ – Phivolcs”, CNN Philippines. Published Jan 20, 2020. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/20/Taal-Volcano-magma.html

Evers, Jeannie. “Magma’s Role in the Rock Cycle”. National Geography. Published Oct. 31, 2014. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/magma-role-rock-cycle/

Gordon, Micah. “Three Ways to Melt a Rock”, Sciencing. Updated April 24, 2017. https://sciencing.com/three-ways-melt-rock-8505802.html

Panchuk, Karla. “Magma and How It Forms”, University of Saskatchewan. Accessed May 28, 2020. https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-1-magma-and-how-it-forms/

USGG Science for a Changing World. “Magma Mash.” Accessed May 28, 2020. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/19/downloads/Chapter_1/Activities/Magma_mash.pdf

Wamsley, Laurel. “Philippine Volcano Erupts, Causing 56,000 To Flee”, The Two Way News. Published January 28, 2018. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwoway/2018/01/23/579966911/philippine-volcano-erupts-causing-56-000-to-flee

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