This is the Senior High School self-learning module for Earth and Life Science, Quarter 1, Module 6: The Earth’s Internal Heat. It is an Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) module from DepEd Region 4A CALABARZON (First Edition, 2021), made for learners studying at home. It explains where the heat inside the Earth comes from and how that heat moves.
On this page 6 sections
What learners will learn
The module has one lesson, Lesson 1: The Earth’s Internal Heat. After working through it, learners are expected to:
- Describe the parts and function of Earth’s interior.
- Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.
- Identify the sources of Earth’s internal heat, namely radiogenic heat and primordial heat.
- Describe the processes of heat transfer in Earth’s mantle.
Key ideas in this module
The layers of the Earth
The first activity asks learners to label the Earth’s layers. The answer key names three main layers, each with two parts:
| Layer | Parts |
|---|---|
| Crust | Oceanic and continental crust |
| Mantle | Upper and lower mantle |
| Core | Outer and inner core |
The crust is the outermost layer. It is broken into puzzle-like pieces called plates that “float” on the mantle. The boundaries between the three major layers are called discontinuities.
Two sources of internal heat
- Radiogenic heat is thermal energy released by the spontaneous nuclear disintegration (radioactive decay) of heat-producing elements in the mantle and crust.
- Primordial heat is internal heat that built up in the planet during its early evolution, including the release of accretional energy as the Earth formed.
Three ways heat moves
- Conduction is heat passing through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. It controls the temperature in almost all solid parts of the Earth and is important in the lithosphere. At the surface, air touching warm land or ocean gains thermal energy by conduction.
- Convection is heat transfer by the movement of mass. It moves heat better than conduction and controls heat in the fluid outer core and the mantle. Over geological time, the mantle behaves like a thick (viscous) fluid because of its very high temperature.
- Radiation is the least important way heat moves inside the Earth. It matters only in the hottest parts of the core and lower mantle. It is, however, how the Sun and the Earth exchange heat, which controls surface temperatures.
Convection currents and moving plates
In a mantle convection cell, warm material rises toward the surface and cooler material sinks. The heat source is the core, which the module says is about 6000°C, nearly as hot as the surface of the Sun. Heat builds pressure under the crust. The plates become unstable and push against each other; one may rise or slide under the other (subduction). This plate movement causes earthquakes and the formation of volcanoes and mountains. The area where subduction happens is the subduction zone.
Activities in the module
- Activity 1: Earth’s Layers – label a diagram of the Earth’s layers.
- Activity 2: Which of which? – sort statements as radiogenic heat (RH) or primordial heat (PH).
- Activity 3: Find Me – a word search of 10 terms, with one sentence for each word.
- Activity 4: My Notepad – explain in your own words how the three heat transfer processes affect Earth’s temperature (scored with a rubric).
- Activity 5: Fill me up! – complete a passage about plates and convection using a word bank.
- Activity 6: Picture Analysis – answer questions about the convection and conduction diagrams, plus a values question on how pressure and stress can help you succeed.
- Activity 7: Crossword Puzzle – review key terms.
- What I Can Do – draw and explain two everyday examples: chocolate melting in your hand (conduction) and a hot air balloon rising (convection).
- Additional Activities – photograph five everyday examples of heat transfer and classify each as conduction, convection, or radiation.
How to use this module
- Learners: Start with the pretest to check what you already know, then go through the parts in order. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper and do not mark the module. Finish with the 15-item assessment, then check your work with the answer key honestly.
- Parents and facilitators: Read the Notes to the Teacher for reminders on supporting home learning. The Additional Activities need a smartphone camera.
- Teachers: The answer key covers the pretest, Activities 1 and 2, the fill-in passage, and the assessment. Open-ended tasks such as My Notepad and the photo activity come with scoring rubrics (10, 5, and 3 points per criterion).
Frequently asked questions
What grade level is this Earth and Life Science module for?
It is a Senior High School module for Quarter 1 of Earth and Life Science. The module itself does not name a specific grade.
What are the two sources of the Earth’s internal heat?
Radiogenic heat, which comes from the radioactive decay of elements in the mantle and crust, and primordial heat, which built up during the planet’s early formation.
What are the three processes of heat transfer in the Earth?
Conduction, convection, and radiation. Convection is the most effective inside the Earth, while radiation is the least important.
How do convection currents move tectonic plates?
Heat from the core makes mantle material rise and cooler material sink, building pressure under the crust. The plates push against each other and one may slide under the other, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.
Does this module have an answer key?
Yes. It includes answers for the pretest, the first activities, the fill-in passage, and the 15-item assessment. Open-ended activities are scored with rubrics.
Full text of the module
The text below is a transcription of the PDF above, as printed.
Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 6: The Earth’s Internal Heat
Senior High School
[illustration: students reading and studying outdoors under a tree, a teacher helping students at a desk, a student holding a globe, and a boy writing by lamplight]
CO_Q1_ELS SHS Module 6
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 6: The Earth’s Internal Heat First Edition, 2021
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Development Team of the Module
Writers: Christian Jay D. Salazar
Editors: Erwin R. Abrencillo, Jocelyn M. Manset
Reviewers: Dominic P. Almirez, Franz Kevin Manalo, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan, Job S. Zape Jr., Niña Grace T. Aquino
Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Cherry Amor Laroza, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo
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Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 6: The Earth’s Internal Heat
Senior High School
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
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[transcriber’s note: the printed page numbers on these pages are 5 to 8]
What’s In
Activity 1: Earth’s Layers
Label the diagram below with the names of each layer. Include a brief description of each of the Earth’s layers.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
[illustration: globe with a cutaway showing the concentric layers of the Earth, with three unlabeled boxes and leader lines pointing to the layers]
transcriber’s note: the three label boxes beside the diagram are empty.
Activity 2: Which of which?
Identify the sources of internal heat by writing RH for radiogenic heat and PH for primordial heat. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
____1. Presence of different isotopes of heat producing element in the mantle and crust. ____2. Internal heat accumulated by dissipation of planet. ____3. Release of accretional energy. ____4. Processes involved in mantle convection. ____5. Release of thermal energy as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration.
Notes to the Teacher
This module will help you to understand the concepts about Earth’s Internal Heat – its sources, and processes. All parts consist of activities. Be guided with the instruction on how you will answer each. Expectedly you will meet the target at the end of the module.
What’s New
Activity 3: Find Me
Find and encircle the given 10 words in the grid. Then, create 1 sentence for each word you found. Words may appear straight across, back-word straight across, up, and down.
MANTLE CONVECTION CURRENT PRIMODIAL EARTH RADIOGENIC TECTONIC HEAT RADIATION CONDUCTION
transcriber’s note: the word search grid has no header row; the header row below is blank.
| S | M | V | X | R | S | B | J | E | R | X | C | H | K | N |
| O | Y | U | D | H | W | L | T | L | Y | Q | S | L | S | Z |
| Q | N | Z | E | C | I | N | E | G | O | I | D | A | R | N |
| Y | B | A | D | W | O | P | Q | B | Q | X | V | Q | C | V |
| C | T | M | H | B | R | Y | D | J | K | R | U | S | D | E |
| D | O | U | F | C | O | N | V | E | C | T | I | O | N | A |
| T | F | N | L | A | I | D | O | M | I | R | P | U | B | R |
| L | N | K | D | E | C | Z | K | I | X | U | J | F | D | T |
| S | X | E | Z | U | L | I | H | C | T | E | S | I | S | H |
| P | D | K | R | E | C | T | N | E | K | A | K | G | Y | D |
| O | I | S | H | R | A | T | N | O | V | W | I | A | V | Z |
| M | N | D | C | D | U | H | I | A | T | O | T | D | I | K |
| Q | V | Y | Z | W | S | C | L | O | M | C | G | O | A | P |
| R | S | N | E | P | X | O | M | Q | N | F | E | B | J | R |
| N | A | K | Z | F | A | Q | U | J | C | X | S | T | K | Q |
What is It
Sources of Heat and Heat Transfer
Both sources of heat whether primordial or radiogenic undergo heat transfer and it plays an important role to the continuous changes and development of our planet. In connection, another part of this module describes the heat transfer in the Earth. Three processes can transfer heat: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction processes happen in the earth’s surface and it directs the thermal settings in almost entire solid portions of the Earth and plays a very important role in the lithosphere. One of the three main ways of heat transfer is conduction. Technically, it can be defined as the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. Conduction carries heat from the Earth’s core and radiation from the Sun to the Earth’s surface. When the atmosphere in normal temperature contacts with the warm surfaces of the land, it transfer thermal energy, then it will heats up the rest of the air through convection.
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of mass, and it is a more effective mode of heat transport in the Earth than pure conduction. Convection dominates the thermal conditions in zones with significant amounts of fluids (molten rocks) and thus governs the heat transport in the fluid outer core and the mantle. In geological time scale, due to the tremendous temperature, the mantle acts like a viscous fluid. In convection current, the mantle of the earth moves slowly because of transfer of heat from the interior of the earth up to the surface. This results to the movement of tectonic plates. Hot materials are added at the edges of a plate and then it cools. At those edges, it becomes dense by its exposure from the heat and sinks into the earth at an ocean trench. This starts the formation of volcanoes.
Radiation is the least important mode of heat transport in the Earth. The process of heat exchange between the Sun and the Earth, through radiation, controls the temperatures at the Earth’s surface. Inside the Earth, radiation is significant only in the hottest parts of the core and the lower mantle. When the land and water become warm in summer, it emits long – wavelength infrared radiation that is readily absorbed by the atmosphere. This continues during night time too. Convection in the air then spreads out the thermal energy throughout the atmosphere.
Activity 4: My Notepad
In your own words, how do the three (3) major processes of heat transfer affect the temperature of the Earth? Write your answer on the space provided.
| CRITERIA | 10 points | 5 points | 3 points |
|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge Integration | Concepts are integrated into student’s own insight. Student provides remarks that show analysis and synthesis of ideas. | Concepts are integrated into student’s own insight. But some of the conclusions are not supported in the body of the paper. | The paper demonstrates that the author, to a certain extent, understands and has applied concepts learned in the course. |
| Content | The content is focusing clearly enough for the scope of the lesson. | Sufficiently developed content with adequate elaboration or explanation | Limited content with inadequate elaboration and explanation. |
| Style | Precise, illustrative use of variety of words and sentence structure to describe the topic appropriately. | Generic use of a variety of words and sentence structures that may describe the topic appropriately. | Limited word choice and control of sentence structure that may or may not describe the topic appropriately. |
Activity 5: Fill me up!
Use the word bank to fill in the gaps in the passage below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
- Convection
- Convection current
- Crust
- Earth’s plates
- Earthquakes
- Plate tectonics
- Plates
- Volcanoes
The surface layer of the earth is called the _____. This layer is broken up into pieces called _____. These _____ “float” on the mantle. Heat rising and falling inside the mantle creates current called _____. The _____ current move the _____. This movement is known as _____. The movement of the earth’s plate causes earthquakes and _____.
What’s More
What’s inside the Earth’s Mantle?
[illustration: convection diagram of the mantle showing two convection cells between the crust and the core, with arrows for subduction, mid-ocean ridge, upwelling, and convection; labels: subduction, subduction, mid-ocean ridge, Mantle, upwelling, convection, convection, Core]
Figure A. Convection
[illustration: circular diagram of a conduction cycle with arrows; labels: rising warm air, air cools and sinks, GROUND]
Figure B. Conduction
Figure A shows a convection cell, warm material rises (up to the surface of the earth) and cool material sinks. These cooled materials will eventually turn to land formation. In mantle convection, the heat source is the core. The core of the earth is very hot. It is nearly as hot as the surface of the sun – about 6000˚C. Convection current is relevant to the movement of tectonic plate because the heat builds up pressure underneath the crust (tectonic plates). As they become unstable, they push against each other (subduction) and rise upwards or one goes under the other.
Figure B shows the process of conduction on how air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface of the land or ocean, resulting to the increase of its thermal energy through conduction. The thermal energy of the core is transferred to the surface of the earth and the lower levels of ocean by conduction.
Activity 6: Picture Analysis
Read and analyze figures A in page 9 and figure B in page 10. Answer the questions stated below.
a. Figure A shows the process of convection in the earth’s mantle. How does it affect the formation of mountains and the temperature in the surface (ground)?
b. How the convection current affects the movement of tectonic plates?
c. How convection in earth’s interior and conduction in the surface affect the temperature in our atmosphere?
d. How subduction cause the formation of land mass like mountains and volcanoes?
e. Why does earthquake occur in subduction zone? (The area where subduction occur)
Synthesis: Based from figure A and B, how convection and conduction is inter-related?
Values Integration: How can pressure and stress be an agent to achieve success in life?
Activity 7: Crossword Puzzle
Complete the crossword by filling in the word that describes each clue.
[illustration: blank crossword grid with numbered starting cells 1 to 9; the numbers are 7 (top across), 6 (top right down), 9 (left down), 1 (center down), 8 (right down), 2 (across), 5 (across), 4 (across), 3 (across at bottom)]
Across:
- air molecules come in contact with warmer molecules
- crust are made up of puzzle – like landmass called _____.
- rising and falling movement of material in the mantle
- when tectonic plates push with each other
- it is the result of movement of earth’s plate
Down:
- elements that play a vital role in Earth’s internal heat
- least important mode of heat transport
- warm material rise; cool material ______.
- heats build up underneath the crust
What I Have Learned
Read each question and fill in the blanks with the correct term to complete the statement. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____ in the interior of the earth can be classified as primordial and radiogenic heat.
The thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous _____ is called Radiogenic Heat while the internal heat energy accumulated by _____ in a planet during its few million years of evolution is called Primordial heat.
There are three processes can transfer heat: _____, _____, and radiation.
_____ governs the thermal conditions in almost entire solid portions of the Earth and plays a very important role in the lithosphere.
_____ involves transfer of heat by the movement of mass, which is a more efficient means of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure conduction.
_____ is the least important mode of heat transport in the Earth.
Convection current is relevant to the movement of _____ because the heat builds up pressure underneath the crust.
The _____ of the core is transferred to the surface of the earth and the lower levels of ocean by conduction.
Air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface of the land or ocean, resulting to the increase of its _____.
The area where subduction occur is called _____.
Module 6
What I Can Do
Activity 6: Illustrate and Explain
Illustrate the example indicated in the given scenario in the box where conduction and convection are applied. Then, relate it to the processes occurring in the Earth’s internal heat.
CONDUCTION
Chocolate candy in your hand will eventually melt as the heat from your body is released and makes it melted.
[transcriber’s note: blank box for the learner’s illustration]
Explanation:
CONVECTION
A heater in the hot air balloon heats the air. The air inside is trapped causing the balloon to rise.
[transcriber’s note: blank box for the learner’s illustration]
Explanation:
Assessment
Read each question and choose the correct answer. Write your answers on separate sheet of paper
What process by which heat is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or between adjoining regions, without movement of the material?
A. conduction
B. convection
C. insolation
D. radiationWhy radioactive decay plays a significant role in Earth’s internal heat?
A. Spontaneous nuclear disintegration of radioactive elements produced thermal energy.
B. Radioactive element can be found anywhere in the planet.
C. When radioactive element decays, it produces heat.
D. All of the aboveWhich of the following is described as the process of heat exchange between the Sun and the Earth that controls the temperatures of the latter?
A. conduction
B. convection
C. insolation
D. radiationWhat is produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust?
A. heat from the sun
B. primordial heat
C. radiogenic heat
D. superheatingHow the conduction in the surface of the earth affect the temperature of our atmosphere?
A. Air molecules do not come in contact with the warmer surface of the land and ocean resulting to the increase of its thermal energy.
B. Air molecules do not come in contact with the cooler surface of the land and ocean resulting to the increase of its thermal energy.
C. Air molecules come in contact with the warmer surface of the land and ocean resulting to the increase of its thermal energy.
D. Air molecules come in contact with the cooler surface of the land and ocean resulting to the decrease of its thermal energy.What are the two factors that affect conduction on the Earth’s surface?
A. radioactive decay and nuclear disintegration of elements
B. movement of plates and radiation from the Earth’s core
C. heat from the Earth’s core and radiation from the Sun
D. stored magma and volcanic eruptionWhat kind of process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules?
A. conduction B. convection
C. insolation D. radiationWhat kind of heat transfer occurs mostly on the Earth’s surface?
A. conduction
B. convection
C. insolation
D. radiationHow does the mantle behave as a viscous fluid on a geological time scale?
A. altitude
B. pressure
C. radiation
D. temperature
10.What refers to the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy caused by a convection current?
A. earthquake
B. hurricane
C. storm surge
D. volcanic eruption
Which of the following are boundaries between the three major layers of the earth?
A. arches
B. discontinuities
C. plates
D. polesWhat heat transfer of fluid in the earth’s interior results to the movement of rocky mantle up to the surface of the earth?
A. conduction
B. convection current
C. insolation
D. radiationWhich of the following stores magma and located in a region just beneath the crust all the way to the core?
A. crust
B. inner core
C. mantle
D. outer coreWhich of the following is the outermost layer of the Earth?
A. core
B. crust
C. discontinuity
D. mantleHow much is the approximate terawatts in the flow of heat in Earth’s interior to its surface?
A. 41 terawatts
B. 43 terawatts
C. 47 terawatts
D. 49 terawatts
Additional Activities
Directions. Using your smartphones, take a picture of five (5) common activities/scenarios on which heat transfer is applied. It may be material, event or situation. Classify each whether it is conduction, convection or radiation. Provide brief explanation to support your answer. Post the picture and your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
| PICTURE | KIND OF HEAT TRANSFER | BRIEF EXPLANATION |
|---|---|---|
| CRITERIA | 10 points | 5 points | 3 points |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interpretation | Draws connections. Clearly describes the scenario/subject in full detail. | Draws connections. Clearly describes the scenario/subject in detail. | Give the basic description but Does not draw connection. |
| Effort | Demonstrates above board effort in accomplishing the assignment going the extra distance in research and time spent to get the assignment done and on time. | Demonstrates a good effort in accomplishing the assignment in research and time spent to get the assignment carried out. | Demonstrates limited effort in accomplishing the assignment. |
| Creativity | The student demonstrates superior creativity and originality in the selection of the visual components. | The student demonstrates good use of creativity and originality in the selection of the visual components. | The student shows little evidence of creativity or originality in the selection of the visual components. |
Answer Key
What I Know
- D
- C
- D
- C
- B
- C
- A
- C
- B
- B
- A
- A
- A
- A
- C
What’s In
Activity 1
a. Crust – Oceanic and Continental crust b. Mantle – Upper and Lower mantle c. Core – Outer and Inner core
Activity 2
- RH
- PH
- PH
- RH
- RH
What’s New
Activity 3
Answer may vary according to student’s perception
What’s It
Activity 4
- Crust
- Earth’s Plates
- Plates
- Convection current
- Convection
- Plate tectonics
- Earthquakes
- Volcanoes
What’s More
Activity 5
Answer may vary according to student’s perception
Assessment
- D
- D
- D
- C
- C
- C
- A
- A
- D
- A
- B
- B
- C
- B
- C
References
Gerald Schubert; Donald Lawson Turcotte; Peter Olson (2001). “Chapter 2: Plate tectonics”. Mantle convection in the earth and planets. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16 ff. ISBN 978-0-521-79836-5.
Green, Ronald. 2007. “Numerical Simulation of Thermal – Hydrological Processes Observed at the Drift-Scale Heater Test at Yucca Mountain, Nevada.” Elsevier Geo – Engineering Book Series, vol. 2 (2004) 175 – 180. https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571996004800375
Kobes, Randy. “Mantle Convection“. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2020. Physics Department, University of Winnipeg
McDonough, W.F. (2003), “Compositional Model for the Earth’s Core”, Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier, pp. 547 568, Bibcode:2003TrGeo…2..547M, doi:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/02015-6, ISBN 9780080437514
Pease, V., Percival, J., Smithies, H., Stevens, G., & Van Kranendonk, M. (2008). “When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the orogenic record. When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth, 199–208.
Stern, R. J. (2008). Modern-style plate tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time: An alternative interpretation of Earth’s tectonic history. When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth, 265–280.
Ricard, Y. (2009). “2. Physics of Mantle Convection”. In David Bercovici and Gerald Schubert (ed.). Treatise on Geophysics: Mantle Dynamics. 7. Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780444535801.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/core/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecularbiology/heat-transfer https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/earth-system/conduction
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