This is the Earth and Life Science Quarter 1, Module 18 self-learning module (SLM) for Senior High School. Its title is Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards. It was developed by DepEd Region IV-A CALABARZON (First Edition, 2021) under the Alternative Delivery Mode. Learners study the weather-related hazards the Philippines faces and use hazard maps to find the provinces most at risk from typhoons and floods.
On this page 7 sections
What learners will learn
After going through this module, learners are expected to:
- identify places in the Philippines that are prone to hydrometeorological hazards like tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo (tornado) using a hazard map; and
- explain why it is important to identify places that are prone to hydrometeorological hazards.
Lessons in this module
The module has one lesson:
- Lesson 1 – Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards. It explains tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and tornadoes. It then uses hazard maps to show the Philippine provinces most at risk from typhoons and floods.
Key ideas: weather-related hazards in the Philippines
The Philippines has a tropical and maritime climate, with only wet and dry seasons. It lies in the Pacific typhoon belt. The country is visited by an average of 20 typhoons a year, and five to nine of these are highly destructive.
Hydrometeorological hazards are hazards brought by extreme weather and climate events. These include tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes (ipo-ipo), drought, and floods.
- Tropical cyclones go by different names depending on where they form. Around the Philippines, Japan, and China (the Western North Pacific), they are called typhoons. In the North Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern North Pacific, they are called hurricanes.
- Monsoons are seasonal wind and rain patterns. The word is believed to come from the Arabic mawsim (season). The Philippines has two every year:
- Amihan (Winter Northeast Monsoon) brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings during the dry season, from October to late March.
- Habagat (Summer Southwest Monsoon) brings heavy rains and some deadly typhoons, from June to September.
- Floods are an abnormal, progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may make the water overflow its normal confines. Floods vary in size, speed of water, and duration.
- Tornadoes (ipo-ipo) are narrow, violently rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. Thunderstorms are their main cause. Tornadoes are not common in the Philippines, but they can occur at any time of the year.
The module lists the top five most destructive typhoons to hit the country:
| Typhoon | Year |
|---|---|
| Typhoon Haiphong | 1881 |
| Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) | 2013 |
| Tropical Storm Thelma (Uring) | 1991 |
| Typhoon Bopha (Pablo) | 2012 |
| Typhoon Angela | 1867 |
Haiphong ranks as the deadliest typhoon to cross the Philippines. Yolanda is known as the deadliest typhoon in modern times.
Key ideas: reading the hazard maps
The module uses hazard maps from the Manila Observatory and the DENR.
Northern Luzon, Southeastern Luzon, and Eastern Visayas are the areas most at risk from tropical depressions, tropical storms, typhoons, and super typhoons.
Top provinces at risk from typhoons, in order: Cagayan, Albay, Ifugao, Sorsogon, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Camarines Norte, Mountain Province, Camarines Sur, Northern Samar, Catanduanes, Kalinga Apayao, Pampanga, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Masbate, Tarlac, and Western Samar.
Top 10 flood-prone provinces, in order:
- Pampanga
- Nueva Ecija
- Pangasinan
- Tarlac
- Maguindanao
- Bulacan
- Metro Manila
- North Cotabato
- Oriental Mindoro
- Ilocos Norte
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Bulacan make Region III the region most exposed to tropical cyclones. Several provinces appear on both lists. These include Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, and Ilocos Norte. The module’s own answer for Activity 3 names Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac as provinces prone to both typhoons and floods.
How to use this module
The module follows the usual SLM parts. Work through them in this order and write all answers on a separate sheet of paper:
- What I Know: a 15-item multiple-choice pretest on typhoons, monsoons, and at-risk provinces.
- What’s In: Activity 1 (Find Me), a word search reviewing the human activities that trigger landslides from the previous lesson.
- What’s New: Activity 2 (Decode Me), a crossword on terms such as hazard, risk, monsoon, drought, and flood.
- What is It: the lesson discussion and hazard maps.
- What’s More: Activity 3 (Identify Me), short-answer questions using the hazard maps.
- What I Have Learned: Activity 4 (Complete Me), a fill-in-the-blanks review.
- What I Can Do: Activity 5 (Hazard Identification), naming risky situations at home, in the classroom, and in the community.
- Assessment: a 15-item multiple-choice post-test.
- Additional Activities: Activity 6 (Interview Me), interviewing someone who has lived through a hydrometeorological hazard.
For learners: Answer the pretest honestly before you read the lesson, and check the answer key only after you finish each part. Keep the hazard map pages open while you answer Activity 3.
For parents: Help your child find a family member or neighbor to interview for Activity 6. Sharing your own experience of a typhoon or flood also works.
For teachers: Activities 3, 5, and 6 are short-answer tasks. Score them with the module’s three-level rubric (Above, Meets, or Below Expectation) for analysis, clarity, and writing skills.
Frequently asked questions
What grade level and quarter is this module for?
It is a Senior High School Earth and Life Science module for Quarter 1. It is Module 18 and was published as the First Edition, 2021, by DepEd Region IV-A CALABARZON.
What are hydrometeorological hazards?
They are hazards brought by extreme weather and climate events. These include tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes (ipo-ipo), drought, and floods.
What is the difference between Amihan and Habagat?
Amihan is the Northeast Monsoon, which brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings from October to late March. Habagat is the Southwest Monsoon, which brings heavy rains and some deadly typhoons from June to September.
Which province is the most flood-prone in the Philippines according to the module?
Pampanga tops the module’s list of the top 10 flood-prone provinces, followed by Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, and Tarlac. Cagayan tops the list of provinces at risk from typhoons.
Does the module have an answer key?
Yes. It has answers for the pretest, the activities, and the post-test. It also has a scoring rubric for the short-answer activities.
Full text of the module
The text below is a transcription of the PDF above, as printed.
Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 18: Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
Senior High School
[illustration: students studying under a tree and at home, a teacher with a student, and a globe]
CO_Q1_ELS SHS Module 18
Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 18: Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards First Edition, 2021
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such an agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Brgy. San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: lrmd.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Franklin Galoyo
Editors: Erwin R. Abrencillo, Jocelyn M. Manset
Reviewers: Dominic P. Almirez, Franz Kevin Manalo, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan, Job S. Zape Jr., Cristy M. Umali, Maria Jo Ann F. Casanova, Alexandra V. Cloma
Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Cherry Amor Laroza, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo
Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset
Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas, Job S. Zape, Jr., Ramonito Elumbaring, Reicon C. Condes, Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Merthel M. Evardome, Nadine C. Celindro, Nicolas M. Burgos, Mario B. Maramot, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Rosalinda A. Mendoza
Senior High School
Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 18: Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
[illustration: hand pressing a button, icon beside the part title]
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module has one lesson:
- Lesson 1 – Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
After going through this module, you are expected to:
- identify places in the Philippines that are prone to hydrometeorological hazards like tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo using hazard map; and
- explain why it is important to identify places that are prone to hydrometeorological hazards.
What I Know
[illustration: hand holding a pencil, icon beside the part title]
Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
What is the highest signal number that can be found on PAG-ASA’s revised storm earning system?
- A. 3
- B. 5
- C. 7
- D. 9
What is the English term for bagyo?
- A. storm
- B. typhoon
- C. thunderstorm
- D. tropical depression
Which of the following is NOT included in the group?
- A. flood
- B.tornado
- C.typhoon
- D.tsunami
What is described as the region of the calmest weather at the center of a tropical cyclone?
- A. epicenter
- B. eye
- C. eye wall
- D. inner bands
What do you call the cyclones occurring in the North Atlantic Ocean?
- A. hurricanes
- B. thunderstorm
- C. tornado
- D. typhoon
When does the Southwest Monsoon usually occur in the Philippines?
- A. March – May
- B. June – September
- C. July – December
- D. October – March
What is the main cause of tornadoes?
- A. Floods
- B. Hurricanes
- C. Thunderstorm
- D. Tropical Storm
Which among the following is the MOST damaging result of a tropical cyclone?
- A. flood
- B. high winds
- C. rain
- D. storm surge
What year did typhoon Haiphong land in the Philippines?
- A. 1867
- B. 1881
- C. 1991
- D. 2013
Which region in the Philippines is the most exposed to tropical cyclones?
- A. Region I
- B. Region III
- C. Region V
- D. Region XI
Which of the following reasons makes Pampanga the province that is most prone to flood?
- A. low lying area
- B. highly populated
- C. facing towards the sea
- D. composed of mountains
Which of the following places is LEAST likely at risk for typhoons?
- A. Albay
- B. Batangas
- C. Cagayan
- D. Sorsogon
What makes the BICOL region prone to typhoons?
- A. facing towards the Pacific Ocean
- B. composed of mountains
- C. has lots of rivers
- D. low lying areas
If you would like to settle in a province that is least prone to typhoons and floods, which among the following provinces will be a good option?
- A. Albay
- B. Maguindanao
- C. Negros Oriental
- D. Tarlac
What year did typhoon Yolanda land in the Philippines?
- A. 2000
- B. 2013
- C. 2015
- D. 2018
Lesson 1 Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
The Philippines has a tropical and maritime climate. Annually, the country is visited by an average of 20 typhoons, five to nine of which are highly destructive. The Philippines is situated in the Pacific typhoon belt thus, the country is highly prone to hydrometeorological hazards.
What’s In
[illustration: hand holding a puzzle piece, icon beside the part title]
Previously, we learned that geologic processes cause different hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides. These have caused unimaginable impact to people and their properties. The Philippines is also a tropical country with only wet and dry seasons.
Activity 1: Find Me
Directions. Locate and encircle words that are related to human activities that speed up or trigger landslides. Terms can be found horizontally, vertically, diagonally or even backward.
transcriber’s note: the word search grid has no header row; its 15 columns are left unlabeled
| P | M | S | H | P | O | L | L | U | T | I | O | N | P | K |
| I | N | I | E | S | J | V | Z | W | F | R | Q | U | I | Y |
| H | O | X | N | P | S | U | J | Z | C | U | T | Z | P | O |
| G | I | O | X | Z | O | U | H | E | L | E | J | H | V | Z |
| I | T | M | G | K | H | L | Q | Z | M | N | M | E | Q | F |
| S | A | F | I | W | B | M | S | I | Q | E | R | E | U | R |
| L | V | M | T | S | S | W | R | V | T | L | Z | C | A | L |
| Z | A | T | A | X | M | F | L | C | O | Z | T | Y | R | N |
| I | C | Y | L | I | K | W | U | A | A | E | I | K | R | S |
| D | X | M | N | I | E | Q | D | O | H | N | I | H | Y | Y |
| J | E | O | Z | K | E | I | F | Y | Y | I | E | U | I | N |
| Y | O | A | U | C | N | T | P | I | M | I | N | I | N | G |
| U | S | S | P | G | Q | K | C | G | D | N | A | L | G | Q |
| E | E | W | P | G | U | X | B | Z | X | I | D | I | V | J |
| E | K | G | Q | M | D | Q | S | T | G | B | U | I | W | D |
Find these words: mining land use excavation quarrying land pollution overloading slopes
What’s New
Activity 2: Decode Me
Directions. Presented below is a crossword puzzle. Using the jumbled letters as clues, rearrange them to decipher a term that fits in the corresponding boxes across and down.
[transcriber’s note: crossword grid of empty numbered boxes, numbered 1 to 7 as shown; the grid has no printed letters]
Down
- An agent that has the potential to harm individuals, property, or the environment.
- Is a seasonal shift in the direction of a region’s dominant, or strongest, winds
- Situation in which there is a high likelihood of danger.
Across
- In English, it translated as tornado
- Is a rapidly spinning storm that originates over tropical oceans and takes its energy from there
- It describes a period of no precipitation during which the water content of the soil is reduced to the point that trees are unable to draw enough water for basic life functions.
- Is an overflow of water that submerges normally dry land
What is It
Hydrometeorological hazards
They are brought by extreme meteorological and climate phenomena that include tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes (ipo-ipo), drought, and floods.
Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones are known in various names depending on the country where you live. In the Western North Pacific around the Philippines, Japan, and China the storms are known as typhoons, while in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern North Pacific they are referred to as hurricanes. Here are the top five destructive typhoons to ever hit the country: Typhoon Haiphong (1881), Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) (2013), Tropical storm Thelma (Uring) (1991), Typhoon Bopha (Pablo) (2012), and Typhoon Angela (1867).
Monsoons
A monsoon is a seasonal wind and rain pattern, and the word “monsoon” is believed to have originated from the Arabic word mawsim (season), via Portuguese and the Dutch monsun. There are two known monsoons in the Philippines that occur every year: Summer Southwest (Habagat) and Winter Northeast Monsoon (Amihan).
- Amihan: brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings during the dry season (October to late March)
- Habagat: brings heavy rains and some deadly typhoons (June to September)
Floods
Flood is an abnormal progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may result in the overflow by the water of the normal confines of the stream. A flood can vary in size, speed of water, and duration.
Tornado (Ipo-ipo)
A tornado is a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. The main cause of tornadoes are thunderstorms though tornadoes are not common in the Philippines, still it can occur at any time of the year.
Northern Luzon, Southeastern Luzon and Eastern Visayas are the areas highly at risk to the occurrence of tropical depressions, tropical storms, typhoons and super typhoons.
Did you know?
Typhoon Haiphong in 1881, ranks as number one deadliest typhoon that crossed the Philippines.
Haiyan (Yolanda) in 2013 is known as deadliest typhoon in modern year.
[chart: map; THE TOP PROVINCES AT RISK TO TYPHOONS]
Source: Manila Observatory and DENR
| No. | Province |
|---|---|
| 1 | Cagayan |
| 2 | Albay |
| 3 | Ifugao |
| 4 | Sorsogon |
| 5 | Ilocos Sur |
| 6 | Ilocos Norte |
| 7 | Camarines Norte |
| 8 | Mountain Province |
| 9 | Camarines Sur |
| 10 | Northern Samar |
| 11 | Catanduanes |
| 12 | Kalinga Apayao |
| 13 | Pampanga |
| 14 | La Union |
| 15 | Nueva Ecija |
| 16 | Pangasinan |
| 17 | Masbate |
| 18 | Tarlac |
| 19 | Western Samar |
[chart: map; TOP 10 FLOOD PRONE PROVINCES]
Source: Manila Observatory and DENR
| No. | Province |
|---|---|
| 1 | Pampanga |
| 2 | Nueva Ecija |
| 3 | Pangasinan |
| 4 | Tarlac |
| 5 | Maguindanao |
| 6 | Bulacan |
| 7 | Metro Manila |
| 8 | North Cotabato |
| 9 | Oriental Mindoro |
| 10 | Ilocos Norte |
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Bulacan provinces make Region III as the most exposed region in the country to tropical cyclones.
What’s More
Activity 3: Identify me
Directions. Familiarize yourself with the hazard map from the previous page and answer the following questions.
- Identify the places in the Philippines that are both prone to typhoons and floods. Justify your answers.
- What is the importance of using hazard maps?
Refer to scoring rubrics for short answer question.
What I Have Learned
Activity 4: Complete me
Directions. Read the following statements. Complete them by filling in the blanks with the correct term or phrases.
- Seasonal wind and rain pattern phenomena are referred to as _____.
- On average, _____ typhoons visit the Philippines every year.
- In the Philippines, tropical cyclones are popularly known as _____.
- In 1988 the deadliest typhoon ever hit in the Philippines was _____.
- The most flood-prone province in the Philippines is _____.
What I Can Do
Activity 5: Hazard identification
Directions. Identify the situation that put humankind at risk on the following locations:
- Home
- Classroom
- Community (e.g., barangay, municipality or provinces)
The answer must be something similar to this:
In the community: mining and quarrying may speedup landslides
Refer to scoring rubrics for short answer question.
Assessment
Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
What is the name of the deadliest typhoon ever to hit the Philippines in 1881?
- A. Angela
- B. Haiphong
- C. Thelma
- D. Uring
What monsoon brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings during the dry season?
- A. easterlies
- B. summer southwest
- C. winter northeast
- D. low pressure area
What are the two seasons in the Philippines?
- A. wet and dry
- B. hot and cold
- C. summer and winter
- D. autumn and spring
Which of the following is the MOST exposed region in the country to tropical cyclones?
- A. Region I
- B. Region II
- C. Region III
- D. Region IV
What ocean is located in the eastern part of the Philippines in which most typhoons originate?
- A. Arctic
- B. Atlantic
- C. Indian
- D. Pacific
Which of the following is an EXCEPTION on the variation of flood?
- A. color
- B. duration
- C. size
- D. speed
Which of the following is NOT a hydrometeorological hazard?
- A. cyclone
- B. tsunami
- C. monsoon
- D. typhoon
What is the highest category in the typhoon warning signal system in the Philippines?
- A. 2
- B. 3
- C. 4
- D. 5
What is the usual movement of a typhoon that is coming from the Pacific Ocean?
- A. northwest
- B. northern
- C. southwest
- D. southern
Which among the following provinces has a high risk of typhoons?
- A. Albay
- B. Masbate
- C. Pampanga
- D. Sorsogon
Which among the following provinces has a low risk of flooding?
- A. Bulacan
- B. Maguindanao
- C. Marinduque
- D. Tarlac
What makes Palawan an ideal province to live in relation to hydrometeorological hazard?
- A. high risk both in typhoon and flood
- B. low risk both in typhoon and flood
- C. high risk in typhoon but low risk in flood
- D. low risk in typhoon but high risk in flood
Which of the following is MOST likely to be affected by a typhoon that originated from the West Philippine Sea and is moving northeast?
- A. Albay
- B. Palawan
- C. Zamboanga
- D. Negros Occidental
Why is the Philippines frequently visited by typhoons all year-round? Because it is
- A. highly populated
- B. composed mostly of islands
- C. located near the Pacific Ocean
- D. near the western hemisphere
Samer would like to settle in a province that is LEAST prone to typhoons and floods, which among the following provinces will be a good option?
- A. Albay
- B. Palawan
- C. Tarlac
- D. Pampanga
Additional Activities
Activity 6: Interview me
Directions. Interview a family member, a relative, neighbor or anyone who experienced hazards and answer the questions below. Limit your answer in 2-3 sentences.
Have you ever experienced any form of hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods and ipo-ipo? How did you feel? What did you do during and after the situation?
If you have never experienced any form of hydrometeorological hazards, look for someone who was able to witness and experience it first-hand. Ask them their feelings and thoughts during and after the hazard event. Also, ask them the things they did during and after the scenario.
Refer to scoring rubrics for short answer question.
Answer Key
What I Know
- B
- B
- D
- B
- A
- B
- C
- D
- B
- B
- A
- B
- A
- C
- B
What’s In
Activity 1
Possible answers
Mining, Land use, excavation, quarrying, land pollution and overloading slopes.
What’s New
Activity 2
Down
- hazard
- monsoons
- risk
Across
- ipo-ipo
- tropical cyclones
- drought
- floods
What’s More
Activity 3
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac
Answers may vary among students
What I Have Learned
Activity 4
- Monsoons
- 20
- Hydrometeorological
- Haiphong
- Pampanga
What I Can Do
Activity 5
Answers may vary among students
Assessment
- B
- C
- A
- C
- D
- A
- B
- D
- A
- A
- C
- B
- C
- C
- B
Additional Activities
Answers may vary among students
Rubrics for short answer
| CRITERIA | 3 Above Expectation | 2 Meets Expectation | 1 Below Expectation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analysis | Response provide an in-depth analysis of the questions given. Shows an understanding of the lesson content. Examples were given to explain the concept presented. | Response provides an analysis of the questions given. Shows a little understanding of the lesson content. Examples were not given to explain the concept presented. | Response does not provide an analysis of the questions given. Shows no understanding of the lesson content. Examples were not given to explain the concept presented |
| Clarity | The thoughts were clearly expressed. The organization of words in a sentence was clearly exemplified. | The thoughts were slightly clear. The organization of words in a sentence was not exemplified clearly. | The thoughts were unclear. There is no organization of words in a sentence. |
| Writing Skills | Clear writing, complete sentence, no errors in grammar and spelling | Clear writing, complete sentence with minimal errors in grammar and spelling | Unclear writing, incomplete sentence, ample errors in grammar and spelling |
References
Dizon, Joyce. (2020). “Hydrometeorological Hazards Quizlet.” Accessed May 26, 2020. https://quizlet.com/174973340/hydrometeorological-hazards-flashcards/
Fores, Marydel Mitch. 2017. “Top 15 Strongest Typhoons to hit in the Philippines.” Accessed May 25, 2020. https://faq.ph/top-15-strongest-typhoons-to-hit-in-the-philippines/
Gonzales, James. 2018. “The 10 Worst Typhoons to Ever Hit the Philippines.” Accessed May 25, 2020. https://daydreaminginparadise.com/the-10-worst-typhoons-to-ever-hit-the-philippines/
Puerto Galera Yacht Club, Inc. 2020. “Amihan habagat | Northeast Monsoon | Southwest Monsoon.” May 24, 2020. https://www.pgyc.org/monsoon-weather.php
The Manila Observatory.2005. “Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters.” Accessed May 18, 2020.http://vm.observatory.ph/hazard.html
The State of Queensland. (2020). “Take the floods quiz.” Accessed May 26, 2020. https://www.chiefscientist.qld.gov.au/publications/understanding-floods/floods-quiz
UNTV News. 2020. “PAGASA explains the occurrence of tornadoes in Manila.” UN TV News and Rescue, August 18, 2016. Accessed May 24, 2020. https://www.untvweb.com/news/mayor-isko-pinabulaanan-ang-ulat-na-hard-lockdown-sa-buong-maynila/
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
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