This is the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (UCSP) Quarter 1 Module 6, “How Society is Organized,” a Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) module from DepEd National Capital Region (First Edition, 2020). It is for learners studying on their own or with a teacher’s guidance. After the module, learners should be able to explain what a social group is and tell apart the main types of groups that make up society.
The module also introduces the later discussion of cultural, social, and political institutions, in the context of social norms and patterns of behavior.
On this page 6 sections
What learners will learn
The module’s main competency is to analyze the forms and functions of social organizations. Learners are expected to:
- Define what a social group is.
- Differentiate primary from secondary groups.
- Compare in-groups and out-groups.
- Identify the two types of reference groups.
- Appreciate the importance of social networks.
Key ideas: social groups and their types
The module has one lesson, “How Society Is Organized.” It begins with a short review of conformity (behavior that follows accepted standards) and deviance (behavior that violates social norms), then discusses the concepts below.
Social group, aggregate, and category
- A social group is two or more people who identify with and engage with each other (Macionis 2012). Examples are a religious group, an ethnic group, work colleagues, a college class, or a sports team.
- An aggregate is people who are together in one place for a while, maybe doing the same thing, but who do not see themselves as one group. Examples: people in a busy shop, people in line for a movie, or passengers on a bus.
- A category is people who share a trait, such as age or height, but who may not interact or feel they belong together.
Primary and secondary groups (types by influence)
| Primary groups | Secondary groups | |
|---|---|---|
| Relationships | Emotional attachment; members know each other closely and interact as whole persons | Impersonal; members interact through specific roles |
| Size and time | Smaller; last a long time | Larger; members do not all interact with each other |
| Organization | Informal | Formally organized, with specific goals |
| Sample relationships | Friends, husband and wife, parent and child, teacher and pupil | Clerk and customer, announcer and listener, performer and spectator, officer and subordinate |
| Sample groups | Playgroup, family, village or neighborhood, work team | Nation, clerical hierarchy, professional association, corporation |
In-groups and out-groups (types by membership)
- An in-group is a social group a person psychologically identifies as a member of.
- An out-group is a social group a person does not identify with.
- In-group favoritism is a preference for one’s own group over people seen as outsiders.
- Intergroup aggression is any behavior meant to harm someone because he or she belongs to an out-group.
- The assessment also notes that Tajfel and colleagues found people can form in-groups within minutes, even based on invented traits such as liking certain paintings.
Reference groups
A reference group is a group or social category a person uses to shape beliefs, attitudes, and values and to guide behavior. It gives people a standard to measure themselves and others against.
- Positive reference groups are people we want to emulate. Negative reference groups show a model we do not want to follow.
- A normative reference group shapes your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction. Examples: teachers, siblings, friends.
- A comparative reference group is people you compare yourself with and may try to be like. Examples: celebrities, heroes.
Social networks
A social network is the set of social relationships among individuals and other network parts. In an organization, these parts can be teams, units, or whole organizations. All our work and private activities happen within social networks, which can be mapped and studied through social network analysis and sociometry. The module explains that organizations have a formal structure and an informal structure, and that the social network forms the informal one. In practice, this informal structure often influences what happens in an organization more than the formal one does.
Activities in the module
- What I Know: a 10-item multiple-choice pretest.
- What’s In: identify whether group acceptance, internalization, and groupthink show conformity or deviance (not recorded).
- What’s New: list your own primary and secondary groups in a table.
- What’s More: compare primary and secondary groups in a Venn diagram and answer “Can society survive without groups?”; then name the type of reference group shown in pictures of a teacher, a family, siblings and friends, and a medical officer.
- What I Have Learned: a five-item fill-in-the-blanks review.
- What I Can Do: make a map of conceptual change using the module’s key terms.
- Assessment: a 10-item fill-in-the-blanks test with a word bank.
How to use this module
For learners: Answer What I Know first. If you get all items correct, the module says you may skip it. Then work through the parts in order, read each instruction carefully, and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper, not on the module. Check your work honestly with the Answer Key at the end, and return the module to your teacher when you finish.
For parents: Help your child keep a steady pace and finish each task before moving to the next. The What’s New activity, listing your child’s own groups such as family and friends, is a good one to talk about together.
For teachers and facilitators: Orient learners on how to use the module, track their progress, and guide them through the What’s In activity, which the module notes is not recorded. When checking the What I Know pretest, compare the answer key with the lesson, because some letters in the printed key do not match the definitions in the discussion.
Frequently asked questions
What grade level and quarter is this UCSP module for?
It is a Senior High School module for Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Quarter 1, Module 6. The module does not name a specific grade, but it is a Senior High School subject.
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary group?
Primary groups are small, long-lasting groups with close emotional ties, such as a family or playgroup. Secondary groups are larger, formally organized, and impersonal, with specific goals, such as a corporation or professional association.
What are the two types of reference groups?
A normative reference group shapes your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction, such as teachers, siblings, and friends. A comparative reference group is people you compare yourself with and may try to be like, such as celebrities and heroes.
How is a social group different from an aggregate?
A social group is two or more people who identify with and engage with each other. An aggregate is people who are only temporarily together in one place, like bus passengers, and do not see themselves as belonging together.
Does the module have an answer key?
Yes. The Answer Key at the end covers the pretest, What’s More, What I Have Learned, and the Assessment. Some pretest answers in the key do not match the lesson, so check them against the discussion.
Full text of the module
The text below is a transcription of the PDF above, as printed.
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Quarter 1 – Module 6: How Society is Organized
Senior High School
[illustration: learners reading under a tree, a teacher helping a student at a desk, a learner holding a globe, and a child working by lantern light]
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY NOT FOR SALE
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 6 How Society is Organized First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Printed in the Philippines by _____
Department of Education – National Capital Region
Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City Telefax: 02-929-0153 E-mail Address: depedncr@deped.gov.ph
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Mekisa V. Amores, Mayorico C. Apelado Jr., Julius Cesar O. Dela Cruz
Editors: Leuvina D. Erni Dr. Imelda V. Boquiren
Reviewers: Librado F. Torres and Dr. Normina B. Hadji Yunnos
Illustrator: Edivin Kevin D. Abella, Mark Alvin D. Asis, Melvin G. Evardone Rene S. Halos, Jerwin S. Marcelo and Benigno G. Surio
Layout Artist: Bureau of Learning Resources; SDO LRMS Team and the Authors
Management Team: Malcom S. Garma, Director IV Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In-Charge of LRMS Micah S. Pacheco, Regional ADM Coordinator Loreta B. Torrecampo, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent Librado F. Torres, CID Chief Normina B. Hadji Yunnos, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS and Division ADM Focal Person
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Quarter 1 – Module 6: How Society is Organized
Senior High School
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on How Society is Organized.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher. This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners’ progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner
For the learner:
Welcome to the _____ Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on how society is organized!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity, or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled into process what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module, you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
- Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
- Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module.
- Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
- Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
- Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
- Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
This module was designed to alternatively help the learners understand how society is organized by analyzing different aspects of social organization. Different terminologies will be introduced such as the distinction between primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, reference groups and networks. Social group is composed of two or more people who interact or socialize with one another, share similar interests, beliefs, and values.
Further, this topic will serve as an introduction to the discussion of cultural, social, and political institutions in the context of social norms and patterns of behaviour that relate to major social interests.
The module is about:
- How Society is Organized
After going through this module, you are expected to:
Analyze the forms and functions of social organizations
- Define what a social group is.
- Differentiate primary from secondary group.
- Compare in-groups and out—groups.
- Identify the two types of reference groups: and
- Appreciate the importance of social networks.
What I Know
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on a separate sheet of paper.
Which of the following involves interaction among members who have an emotional investment or attachment in one another and in a situation?
a. In-group
b. Out-group
c. Primary
d. SecondaryPerformer, clerk, customer, and employee are examples of:
a. In-group
b. Out-group
c. Primary
d. SecondaryWhich of the following refers to a preference and affinity for one’s in-group over the out-group or anyone viewed as outside the in-group?
a. In-group favoritism
b. Out-group favoritism
c. Primary favoritism
d. Secondary favoritismWhich of the following is defined as any behavior intended to harm another person because he or she is a member of an out-group?
a. Intergroup aggression
b. Out-group favoritism
c. Primary favoritism
d. Secondary favoritismWhich of the following group is composed of people we want to emulate?
a. Aggregate
b. In-group
c. Negative reference group
d. Positive reference groupWhich of the following influences your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction?
a. Comparative reference group
b. Negative reference group
c. Normative reference group
d. Positive reference groupWhich of the following groups is categorized as individuals whom you compare yourself against and may strive to be like?
A. Comparative reference group B. Negative reference group C. Normative reference group D. Positive reference group
- Which of the following is known as a sociological concept for a set of social relations between network elements that interact, and which are individuals?
A. In-group B. Out-group C. Primary D. Social Network
- It is different from a group, in the sense that people are temporarily together in a space, maybe even doing the same things, but do not identify them as belonging together.
A. Aggregate B. Group C. Primary D. Secondary
- Passengers riding on a bus is an example of:
A. Aggregate B. Group C. Primary D. Secondary
Lesson 1 How Society Is Organized
What’s In
Conformity refers to behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards. Deviance, on the other hand, describes an action or behaviour that violates social norms. The table below presents some behaviors that illustrate conformity and deviance.
Direction: Identify whether the actions enumerated in the table below represent either conformity or deviance. Write the answers on the corresponding cell.
| Acts | Answers |
|---|---|
| Group Acceptance | |
| Internalization | |
| Group think |
This activity will test the familiarity of the learners on the distinction between conformity and deviance. Remind them that it is not recorded. Kindly guide the learners in answering.
What’s New
DIRECTIONS: List down your social groups according to their classification. Please refer to the format below.
| PRIMARY GROUP | SECONDARY GROUP |
|---|---|
What is It
What is a Social Group?
A social group is two or more people who identify with and engage with each other (Macionis 2012). As an individual, you may be a member of a religious group, an ethnic group, a working colleague group, a college class, a sports team, and so on. These are also referred to as social groups.
A social group is distinct from an aggregate, which consists of people who are temporarily grouped together in an area, perhaps even performing the same things, but do not consider themselves to be members of the same group. For example, being in a busy shop or waiting in line for a movie does not make you feel like you belong with the people doing the same thing. A category and a group are not the same thing. You may share comparable qualities, such as age or height, yet you may not interact or experience a feeling of belonging if you are in the same category as someone.
TYPES OF GROUPS ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE:
Primary and Secondary Groups
The difference between primary and secondary groups lies in the kinds of relationships their members have with one another.
Primary groups involve interaction among members who have an emotional investment or attachment in one another and a situation, who know one another intimately and interact as total individuals rather than through specialized roles. They are smaller in number and occur over a long time. Examples of relationships under the primary group are between friends, husband and wife, parent and child, and teacher and pupil. On the other hand, sample groups under primary groups include playgroup, family, village/neighborhood, and work team.
Secondary groups usually have specific goals, are formally organized, and are impersonal. They tend to be larger than the primary group, and its members do not necessarily interact with all other members. Examples of relationships under the secondary group are between clerk and customer, announcer and listener, performer and spectator, and officer and subordinate. On the other hand, sample groups under the second group include nation, clerical hierarchy, professional association, and corporation.
[chart: Venn diagram; TYPES OF GROUPS ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP]
- Left circle, label “IN-GROUPS”: is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.
- Overlap (center): TYPES OF GROUPS ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP
- Right circle, label “OUT-GROUPS”: is a social group with which an individual does not identify.
Reference Groups
A reference group is a group or social category that an individual uses to help define beliefs, attitudes, and values and to guide behaviour. It is often a category we identify with, rather than a specific group we belong to. In addition, they provide a comparison against which people measure themselves and others.
Positive reference groups are composed of people we want to emulate. Negative reference groups, on the other hand, provide a model we do not wish to follow.
Types of Reference Groups
A normative reference group influences your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction.
A comparative reference group is a group of individuals whom you compare yourself against and may strive to be like.
Examples:
[chart: diagram of reference group examples; no number or title printed]
- NORMATIVE: teacher, siblings, friends
- COMPARATIVEE [transcriber’s note: a small stray letter “E” is printed after the COMPARATIVE label]: celebrities, heroes
Social Network
A social network is a sociological concept that refers to the social relationships that exist between network parts and individuals. In an organization, network elements can include social groups or teams, organizational units, or entire organizations.
Social Network in practice:
All our functions at work and in private take place in some social networks. Every social network is about relations that include social interaction and social communication. We can easily describe, map, and analyze social networks through social network analysis and sociometry. The basic types of social networks in the organization are formal organizational structure, and informal organizational structure. The social network in the organization forms an informal organizational structure. Its influence on the events and decision-making in the organization is greater in less authoritative management styles and types of the organizations. Often in practice, the informal organizational structure is more influential on what is happening in the organization than the formal organizational structure.
What’s More
A. DIRECTIONS: Differentiate primary from secondary group using Venn Diagram and answer the processing question below.
[illustration: blank two-circle Venn diagram for the activity]
PROCESSING QUESTION:
- Can society survive without groups? Explain your answer.
B. DIRECTIONS: Analyze the pictures and identify the correct type of reference group. Write your answer in the space provided.
[illustration: a teacher at a board labeled “ALS Learning Center” with three learners at a table; caption printed at top left: “EDRVIN 2020”]
TEACHER
ANSWER: _____[illustration: a family of four smiling together, two adults and two children writing]
FAMILY
ANSWER: _____[illustration: a birthday party with a cake, gifts, and party hats; a banner reads “HAPPY BIRTH DAY”; a small signature in the corner is [illegible]]
SIBLINGS AND FRIENDS
ANSWER: _____[illustration: a doctor with a stethoscope writing on a chart]
MEDICAL OFFICER
ANSWER: _____
What I Have Learned
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer to complete the statements.
- Social _____ is a group in which we can feel like we belong.
- Members in ______ groups interact with one another because they have an emotional investment in one another.
- An _______ is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.
- ______ group is a social category that people use to help them define their ideas, attitudes, and values, as well as to influence their behavior.
- Through direct connection, your _________ reference group shapes your norms, attitudes, and values. A comparative reference group is a group of people who you can compare yourself to and try to emulate.
What I Can Do
DIRECTIONS: Create a map of conceptual change using the words below. Write your answer in the space provided.
[illustration: word cloud of the terms “Social Groups,” “reference groups,” “primary groups,” “secondary group,” “in-groups and out-groups,” and “social networks”]
MAP OF CONCEPTUAL CHANGE
[transcriber’s note: the answer space is an empty bordered box with no printed text]
Assessment
DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer to complete the statements. Choose from the words inside the oval.
- Primary groups involve interaction among members who have an _____ investment or attachment in one another.
- Secondary groups are characterized by much less _____ among its members.
- In-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a _____.
- Out-group is a social group with which an individual does not _____.
- Tajfel and colleagues found that people can form _____ in-groups within a matter of minutes and that such groups can form even based on completely arbitrary and invented _____ characteristics, such as preferences for certain painting.
- Discrimination between ingroups and outgroups is a matter of favoritism towards an ingroup and the absence of equivalent _____ towards an outgroup.
- Intergroup aggression is any behavior intended to _____ another person because he or she is a member of an out group.
- Positive reference groups are composed of people we want to _____. Negative reference groups, on the other hand, provide a model we do not wish to _____.
- A normative reference group influences your norms, attitudes, and _____ through direct interaction.
- Social network is a _____ concept for a set of social relations between network elements that interact, and which are individuals.
Word bank (inside the oval):
emotional intimacy member identify self-preferencing discriminating favoritism harm emulate follow values sociological
Answer Key
[transcriber’s note: this page is printed rotated 180 degrees; the text is transcribed in reading order after rotation]
What I Know
C D D A B A A D C A
What’s More
A.
Primary groups have direct contact with one another and can interact with one another. Members developed emotional ties.
Secondary groups are formed for the aim of completing a specific task. It is frequently impersonal and formal.
B.
- Normative Reference Group
- Normative Reference Group
- Normative Reference Group
- Comparative Reference Group
What I Have Learned
- Group
- Primary
- In-Group
- Reference
- Normative
What I Have Learned
Assessment
Emotional Intimacy Member Identify Self-preferencing, discriminating Favoritism Harm Emulate, follow Values Sociological
References
Grimsley, Shawn. n.d. study.com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/reference-groups-in-marketing-definition-types-examples.html
Macionis, John J. 2012. Sociology. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.
Santarita, Joefe B., and Randy M. Madrid. 2016. Understanding Culture Society and Politics. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph *
[transcriber’s note: the rendered page shows only the first email address followed by an asterisk; the page’s text layer also contains “blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph” after the asterisk, but it is not visible in the page image, so it is not transcribed here]
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