TLE 8 Home Economics Caregiving Module 4: Identifying Hazards and Risks

Technology and Livelihood Education Home Economics- Caregiving Quarter 0- Module 4 Identifying Hazards and Risks

[illustration: students reading and studying outdoors and at a desk, with a globe and a lit lamp]

ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY MODE

TLE Caregiving – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 0- Module 4: Identify hazards and risks First Edition, 2020

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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor M. Briones Undersecretary: Alain Del B. Pascua Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Annielinine L. Casinillo-Arante, Edshyl Lou V. Mata, Joana Grace M. Garzon Editor: Geraldine F Vergas Reviewers: Ruby C. Limen,Ma. Ligaya C. Azarcon, Lorna L. Estal, Elizabeth Bautista, Rowena S. Timcang, Virginai T. Mahinay, Leonila J. Floria, Grace Ando Illustrator: Joana Grace M. Garzon Layout Artist: James B. De Los Reyes, Eljun A. Calimpusan Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas, Isidro M. Biol, Maripaz F. Magno, Josephine Chonnie M. Obseñaries, Minerva T. Albis, Imee R. Vicariato, Genevieve S. Verceles, Corazon F. Adrales

Printed in the Philippines

Department of Education – Caraga Region

Office Address: Teacher Development Center, J.P. Rosales Avenue, Butuan City, Philippines 8600 Tel. No./Telefax: (085) 342-8207/ (085) 342-5969 E-mail Address: caraga@deped.gov.ph

Technology and Livelihood Education Home Economics – Caregiving Quarter 0- Module 4 Identifying Hazards and Risks

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

Lesson 1 Workplace Hazards and Risks

Health and safety should always remain a priority in delivering care to our patients. Hazards and risks must be identified to enforce safety procedures and protocols. This will ensure effective delivery of care and promote well- being of its workers.

What I Need to Know

The primary aim in the Caregiving course is to train you to provide effective and efficient care to a patient with needs in accomplishing basic tasks for one’s health and wellness. This module was designed to equip you with the basic knowledge of the different hazards and risks you might encounter while delivering care to your patients and how to mitigate if not prevent them.

This module contains lessons regarding the different hazards and risks in the workplace. It entails with:

LO1: Identify hazards and risks (TLE_HECGOS7/8-0h-5)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1.1. Identify workplace hazards and risks 1.2. Determine indicators of hazards and risks in the workplace 1.3. Determine the effects of hazards to caregivers and patients

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your activity notebook.

1. Which of the following deals with the aspects of health and safety in the workplace?
   A. Mental health
   B. Occupational health
   C. Physical health
   D. Psychosocial health

   
   

2. It pertains to an event that may cause harm to an individual, such as chemicals, electricity, open drawers, and inadequate ventilation.
   A. Disease
   B. Disorder
   C. Hazard
   D. Risk

   
   

3. What refers to the possibility of being exposed to dangers, harm, or loss?
   A. Disease
   B. Disorder
   C. Hazard
   D. Risk

   
   

4. What hazard comes from exposure to animals, people, or infectious materials?
   A. Biological
   B. Chemical
   C. Physical
   D. Psychological

   
   

5. Which of the following is NOT an effect of chemical hazards?
   A. Allergic reactions
   B. Low self-esteem
   C. Skin irritation
   D. Skin or eye burns

   
   

6. Which of the following is a life-threatening effect of a psychological hazard?
   A. Depression
   B. Deterioration of performance
   C. Loss of concentration at work
   D. Loss of self-confidence

   
   

7. The following are physical hazards, except;
   A. Poor lighting
   B. Noise
   C. Chemical spills
   D. Radiation

   
   

8. What kind of hazard when a worker is exposed to substances like cleaners and disinfectants?
   A. Biological
   B. Chemical
   C. Ergonomic
   D. Psychological

   
   

9. What hazard can result in musculoskeletal injuries?
   A. Chemical
   B. Ergonomic
   C. Physical
   D. Psychological

   
   

10. Which of the following is NOT a biological hazard?
    A. Awkward and repetitive movements
    B. Bacteria and viruses
    C. Blood and Body Fluids
    D. Contaminated wastes

    
    

11. What type of hazard can affect an employee’s mental health or well- being?
    A. Biological
    B. Chemical
    C. Physical
    D. Psychological

    
    

12. Which of the following is an effect of physical hazards?
    A. Falls
    B. Fatigue
    C. HIV
    D. Skin allergy

    
    

13. Which of the following is an example of an ergonomic hazard?
    A. Spills on the floor
    B. Workplace aggression
    C. Standing for a long period
    D. Unrealistic expectations from patients or clients

    
    

14. Which of the following physical hazards may cause a fire?
    A. Clutters on the floor
    B. Faulty wirings
    C. Loud noise
    D. Wet floors

    
    

15. Which of the following is an effect of ergonomic hazard?

    
    

A. Annoyance B. Dermatitis C. Fatigue D. Shoulder stiffness/pain

What’s In

Directions: Arrange the scrambled letters to form a word and write it on your activity notebook.

1. CHEAIMCL
   Hint: A hazard that may cause skin irritation.

   
   

2. PISHYCAL
   Hint: A hazard that may increase your risk of falls/injury.

   
   

3. EROGNMOIC
   Hint: A hazard that resulted from too much bending.

   
   

4. BOIOLGCIAL
   Hint: This hazard is commonly caused by blood or body fluids spills.

   
   

5. PSCHYLGOIOACL
   Hint: A hazard that can cause a loss of confidence.

   
   

What’s New

Directions: Classify the type of hazard depicted in the image, choose your answer from the letter in the box and write it in your activity notebook.

Types of Hazards:

A. Physical

B. Chemical

C. Biological

D. Ergonomic

E. Psychological

1. [illustration: three cleaning product bottles, one of them a spray bottle]
2. [illustration: spilled water on a tiled floor next to a bucket]
3. [illustration: a person coughing, with virus particles spreading into the air]
4. [illustration: a person in scrubs carrying a large box, with more boxes beside them]
5. [illustration: a person bending forward at the waist]
6. [illustration: a red shape on a grey mesh pad against a grey strip]

Illustrations: Joana Grace M. Garzon

7. [illustration: two people in scrubs lifting a stretcher bed]
8. [illustration: an electrical plug with wires connected to a wall outlet]
9. [illustration: two people in scrubs talking, one pointing]
10. [illustration: an IV bag labeled “ANTI-BIOTIC” with a syringe, and an ampoule labeled “MED”]

Illustrations: Joana Grace M. Garzon

What is It

Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards. The health of the workers has several determinants, including risk factors at the workplace leading to cancers, accidents, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory diseases, hearing loss, circulatory diseases, stress-related disorders and communicable diseases and others.

Hazards and Risks

A hazard is a source of anything that may cause harm to an individual, such as chemicals, electricity, open drawers, and inadequate ventilation. On the other hand, a risk is a chance or possibility that somebody could be harmed by these hazards and how serious the harm can be.

Types of Hazards

1. Biological Hazard

A biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans. It comes from working with animals, people, or infectious materials. This is the most common hazard that caregivers face since they are handling different patients that may have an underlying disease or illness.

Caregivers may be exposed to these biological hazards:

• Blood and Body Fluids
• Airborne pathogens such as the common cold
• Bacteria and viruses
• Contaminated wastes

Common Effects of Biological Hazards:

• Blood-borne diseases including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and malaria
• Infections
• Skin and respiratory system irritation

2. Chemical Hazard

These are hazardous substances that will cause harm. It is present when a caregiver is exposed to any form of chemical (solid, liquid, or gas) preparations in the workplace.

Caregivers may be exposed to these chemical hazards:

• Cleaners and Disinfectants
• Surgical smoke generated by lasers and electrosurgical devices

Some of the Effects of Chemical hazards:

• Allergic reactions
• Asthma or respiratory system irritation
• Dermatitis (skin irritations)
• Skin or eye burns

Chemical Hazard Classification

Hazards	Pictograms
Health Hazard • Carcinogen • Mutagenicity • Reproductive Toxicity • Respiratory Sensitizer • Target Organ Toxicity • Aspiration Toxicity	[illustration: health hazard pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/38uzHwQ
Flame • Flammables • Pyrophorics • Self-Heating • Emits Flammable Gas • Self-Reactives • Organic Peroxides	[illustration: flame pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/3ePnJ1S
Exclamation Mark • Irritant (skin and eye) • Skin Sensitizer • Acute Toxicity (harmful) • Narcotic Effects • Respiratory Tract Irritant • Hazardous to Ozone Layer (Non-Mandatory)	[illustration: exclamation mark pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/36tjYLE
Gas Cylinder • Gases Under Pressure	[illustration: gas cylinder pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/35hBQdh

[transcriber’s note: table continued from the previous page]

Hazards	Pictograms
Corrosion • Skin Corrosion/Burns • Eye Damage • Corrosive to Metals	[illustration: corrosion pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/38z6Esa
Exploding Bombs • Explosives • Self-Reactives • Organic Peroxides	[illustration: exploding bomb pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/32zan5b
Flame Over Circle • Oxidizers	[illustration: flame over circle pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/2IpxPLa
Environment (Non-Mandatory) • Aquatic Toxicity	[illustration: environment pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/3lmWfDc
Skull and Crossbones • Acute Toxicity (fatal or toxic)	[illustration: skull and crossbones pictogram] Image retrieved from https://bit.ly/36qFdhh

Hazard Communication Standards (HCS), 2015

3. Ergonomic Hazard

This is usually a result of physical factors that can result in musculoskeletal injuries. These occur when a caregiver’s nature of work, body position, and working conditions put pressure on his/her body. It is oftentimes difficult to spot this type of hazard because caregivers do not immediately notice the effect on their bodies.

Caregivers may be exposed to these Ergonomic hazards:

• performing tasks that require lifting heavy loads
• too much bending and reaching
• standing for long periods
• holding body parts for a long time
• awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
• repeating the same movements over and over

Some of the Effects of Ergonomic hazards:

• soreness or pain (aching or sharp) in the back, hands, arms, wrists, elbows, neck, and shoulders
• Stiffness
• Swelling
• Loss of coordination
• Numbness
• Tingling (as though the area is “asleep”)
• Unexplained weakness

4. Physical Hazard

This hazard is associated with the environmental factors that are harmful to an employee without necessarily touching them. They are usually easy to detect, however, very often are neglected because people are too accustomed to them.

Caregivers may be exposed to these Physical hazards:

• Heights
• Loud noise
• Poor lighting
• Radiation, and pressure
• Electricity: electrical live parts
• Spills on the floor

Some of the Effects of Physical hazards:

• Fire
• Electrocution
• Accidents/Falls
• Annoyance
• Decreased efficiency
• Serious injuries
• Burns
• Falls from heights
• Electric shocks

5. Psychological Hazard

Includes those that can harm an employee’s mental health or well-being. Often take place when a caregiver’s work environment becomes stressful or demanding.

Caregivers may be exposed to these Psychological hazards:

• Burn out, fatigue and frequent on-call duty
• Unreasonable expectations from patients or clients, supervisors and management
• Workplace aggression and abuse

Some of the Effects of Psychological hazards:

• Loss of concentration at work
• Deterioration of performance at work
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Loss of confidence

Recognizing Hazards and Risks in the Workplace

Hazards and risks vary from one workplace to another. Even in daycare or nursing homes where work routines may be the same, hazards will differ depending on the type of building establishment is situated and the attitudes of caregivers, clients, or employers.

The good news is hazards and risks can be prevented! However, before thinking about what control measures are needed, first, a caregiver has to know whether there are health and safety problems in his/her workplace. So, how can someone identify the hazards in the workplace?

The following are some ways for a caregiver to determine health and safety problems:

1. A caregiver should observe workplace keenly.
2. A caregiver may examine complaints from his/her co-workers.

Types of Hazard Communication Signs

1. Danger Signs

Used for situations where there is a hazard present that will cause serious injury or death if not actively avoided. Danger signs feature a red background with white text and should be reserved for only the most dangerous hazards in the facility.

[illustration: blank danger sign with a red DANGER banner at top] Image retrieved from https://freesvg.org/danger-sign-blank-red-vector-image

[illustration: danger sign reading “DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE”] Image retrieved from https://pixabay.com/vectors/danger-electric-voltage-sign-147486/

2. Warning Signs

One level of severity down from danger signs are warning signs. The signs have black text surrounded by an orange background and means there is a serious hazard present that could result in injury or death.

[illustration: blank warning sign with an orange WARNING banner at top] Image retrieved from https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Warning-sign-blank-orange-vector-image/17798.html

[illustration: orange WARNING sign with a biohazard symbol and the text “Biohazard Authorized personnel only”] Image retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ANSI_Z535_-_Warning_Biohazard.svg

[transcriber’s note: the printed page numbers on these pages are 13 to 20; the page markers follow the requested numbering 17 to 24]

3. Caution Signs

Used for hazardous situations that if not avoided, might cause minor or moderate injury. It is presented in black text with a yellow background. Common caution signs include tripping hazard signs, or “Slippery When Wet” signs.

[illustration: yellow sign with a black CAUTION header bar and a blank yellow lower panel]

Image retrieved from https://freesvg.org/caution-sign-template

[illustration: black-and-yellow sign with a black CAUTION header bar and the words “OPEN DOOR SLOWLY”]

Image retrieved from https://pixabay.com/vectors/open-warning-door-caution-slowly-43809/

[photo: yellow folding sign reading “CAUTION” over a slipping-person symbol and “WET FLOOR”]

Image retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/cutey5/2592190676

What’s More

Activity: Hazard Inspector

Directions: Look around your home and take down notes on possible hazards that you may see. Write your findings, and the harm it will cause/the effects in your activity notebook by following the table below. An example is provided.

Type of Hazard	Possible Hazard at Home	Harm Caused/ Hazard Effects
Biological Hazard	1.
	2.
Chemical Hazard	1. Mosquito killer spray	Poison when ingested
	2.
Ergonomic Hazard	1.
	2.
Physical Hazard	1.
	2.
Psychological Hazard	1.
	2.

What I Have Learned

Directions: From the list below, categorize and fill them in the column of the different kinds of hazards. Do it in your activity notebook.

1. Repeating the movements over and over
2. Workplace aggression and abuse
3. Covid-19 virus and bacteria
4. Burn out, fatigue and on-call duty
5. Disinfectants
6. Excessive lifting
7. Electricity
8. Blood and body fluids
9. Endless loud noise
10. Cleaning products and solutions
11. Spills on floors or tripping hazards
12. Standing for long periods
13. Contaminated wastes
14. Too much bending and reaching
15. Unreasonable expectations of clients and superiors

Biological Hazard	Chemical Hazard	Ergonomic Hazard	Physical Hazard	Psychological Hazard

What I Can Do

Activity: Poster-Slogan

Directions: Create a Poster-Slogan advocating a workplace hazard awareness. Make it in a ½ cartolina or long-size bond paper, and submit it together with your activity notebook after you are done with this module.

Rubrics for Scoring

Criteria	Excellent 10	Very Satisfactory 8	Good 6	Needs Improvement 4
Illustration and Content Relevance	Illustration and content are excellently relevant to the theme.	Illustration and content are satisfactorily relevant to the theme.	Illustration and content are acceptably relevant to the theme.	Lacking details and does not relate to the theme.
Attractiveness and Creativity	The poster is exceptionally attractive and creative in terms of design, layout, and neatness.	The poster is attractive and creative in terms of design, layout, and neatness.	The poster is acceptably attractive and creative though it may be a bit messy.	The poster is simply not attractive, it is messy and poorly done
Mechanics	Capitalization and punctuation is correct, and there is no spelling or grammatical mistakes on the poster.	There one error in capitalization or punctuation, spelling, or grammar.	There two errors in capitalization or punctuation, spelling, or grammar.	There are more than two errors in capitalization or punctuation, spelling, or grammar.
Originality	The text and graphics used on the poster reflect an exceptional degree of student originality in their creation and/or display.	One or two elements of text and graphics used on the poster reflect student originality in their creation and/or display.	The text and graphics are made by the student, but the concept and design are borrowed.	No original text or graphics made by the student are included, all are borrowed ideas.
Total Score:

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your activity notebook.

1. Which of the following is an effect of ergonomic hazard?

   • A. Annoyance
   • B. Dermatitis
   • C. Fatigue
   • D. Shoulder stiffness/pain

2. Which of the following is NOT an effect of chemical hazards?

   • A. Allergic reactions
   • B. Low self-esteem
   • C. Skin irritation
   • D. Skin or eye burns

3. The following are physical hazards, except;

   • A. Chemical spills
   • B. Noise
   • C. Poor lighting
   • D. Radiation

4. Which of the following physical hazards may cause a fire?

   • A. Clutters on the floor
   • B. Faulty wirings
   • C. Loud noise
   • D. Wet floors

5. What refers to the possibility of being exposed to dangers, harm, or loss?

   • A. Disease
   • B. Disorder
   • C. Hazard
   • D. Risk

6. Which of the following is an effect of physical hazards?

   • A. Falls
   • B. Fatigue
   • C. HIV
   • D. Skin allergy

7. It pertains to an event that may cause harm to an individual, such as chemicals, electricity, open drawers, and inadequate ventilation.

   • A. Disease
   • B. Disorder
   • C. Hazard
   • D. Risk

8. Which of the following is a life-threatening effect of a psychological hazard?

   • A. Depression
   • B. Loss of self-confidence
   • C. Deterioration of performance
   • D. Loss of concentration at work

9. What kind of hazard when a worker is exposed to substances like cleaners and disinfectants?

   • A. Biological
   • B. Chemical
   • C. Ergonomic
   • D. Psychological

10. What hazard comes from exposure to animals, people, or infectious materials?

    • A. Biological
    • B. Chemical
    • C. Physical
    • D. Psychological

11. What hazard can result in musculoskeletal injuries?

    • A. Chemical
    • B. Ergonomic
    • C. Physical
    • D. Psychological

12. Which of the following is NOT a biological hazard?

    • A. Awkward and repetitive movements
    • B. Bacteria and viruses
    • C. Blood and Body Fluids
    • D. Contaminated wastes

13. What type of hazard can affect an employee’s mental health or well- being?

    • A. Biological
    • B. Chemical
    • C. Physical
    • D. Psychological

14. Which of the following will most likely cause anxiety?

    • A. Burnout
    • B. Appreciative patients
    • C. Supportive management
    • D. Safe working environment

15. Which of the following is an example of an ergonomic hazard?

    • A. Spills on the floor
    • B. Workplace aggression
    • C. Standing for a long period
    • D. Unrealistic expectations from patients or clients

Additional Activities

Directions: The risk of harm caused by hazards can be reduced. Give at least 3 ways to mitigate or reduce the risk for every type of hazard. Write the answers in your activity notebook.

Types of Hazards	Mitigation Measures
A. Biological	1. Wear disposable clean gloves in handling body substances. 2. _____ 3. _____
B. Physical	1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____
C. Chemical	1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____
D. Ergonomic	1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____
E. Psychological	1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____

Answer Key

[transcriber’s note: this page is printed upside down; the text below was read after rotating it, with the columns in reading order]

What I Know

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. D

What’s In

1. Chemical
2. Physical
3. Ergonomic
4. Biological
5. Psychological

What’s New

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. E
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. E
10. B

What’s More

(Varied answers by the students)

What I Have Learned

Biological Hazards:

• Covid-19 virus and bacteria
• Blood and body fluids
• Contaminated wastes

Chemical Hazards:

• Disinfectants
• Cleaning products and solutions

Ergonomic Hazards:

• Repeating the movements over and over
• Standing for long periods of time
• Too much bending and reaching
• Excessive lifting

Physical Hazards:

• Electricity
• Endless loud noise
• Spills on floors or tripping hazards

Psychological Hazards:

• Workplace aggression and abuse
• Burn out, fatigue and on call duty
• Unreasonable expectations

Assessment

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. A
13. D
14. A
15. C

References

“ANSI Z535 – Warning Biohazard” [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ANSI_Z535_-_Warning_Biohazard.svg] by The Navigators, February 23, 2019, under the license CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en].

“Caution sign template” [https://freesvg.org/caution-sign-template] by Free SVG, December 28, 2016, under the license CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/].

“Danger Electric Voltage…” [https://pixabay.com/vectors/danger-electric-voltage-sign-147486/] by OpenClipart-Vectors [https://pixabay.com/users/openclipart-vectors-30363/, October 7, 2013, under the Pixabay license [https://pixabay.com/service/license/].

“Danger sign blank red vector image” [https://freesvg.org/danger-sign-blank-red-vector-image] by Free SVG, November 22, 2014, under the license CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/].

“GHS-pictogram-acid” [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/600px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png], Unknown Author, 2016. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-bottle” [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg], Unknown Author, 2010. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-exclam” [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg], Unknown Author, 2008. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-explos” [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/600px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png], Unknown Author, 2008. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-flamme” [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg], Unknown Author, 2008. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-pollu” [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/600px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png], Unknown Author, 2008. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-rondflam” [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/600px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png], Unknown Author, 2008. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-silhouette” [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg] Unknown Author, 2008. Public Domain.

“GHS-pictogram-skull” [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/600px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png], Unknown Author, 2008. Public Domain.

Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. “Hazard and Risk : OSH Answers.” Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, July 2, 2020. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html.

“lawyers” [https://www.flickr.com/photos/cutey5/2592190676] by Reuben Strayer [https://www.flickr.com/photos/cutey5/], February 7, 2006, under the license CC BY-SA 2.0 [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/].

Martinelli, Katie. “Hazards in the Workplace: 6 Categories of Hazards.” The Hub | High Speed Training. High Speed Training, June 19, 2020. https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/hazards-in-the-workplace/.

“Open Warning Door…” [https://pixabay.com/vectors/open-warning-door-caution-slowly-43809/] by Clker-Free-Vector-Images, April 28, 2012, under Pixabay License [https://pixabay.com/service/license/]

SafetyLine. “Are You Aware of These 6 Types of Workplace Hazards?”, SafetyLine February 7, 2020. https://safetylineloneworker.com/blog/workplace-hazards/.

“UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.” Hazard Identification and Assessment | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed July 4, 2020. https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-Identification.html.

“UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.” OSHA QUICK CARD: Hazard Communication Standard Pictogram | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/HazComm_QuickCard_Pictogram.html?fbclid=IwAR1fJ3SoRFEsJt691qJMKrOFuFwUZHEQDEVQWR5hlq1zDuq5PRPXWNIhFK4.

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