English 8 Quarter 4 Module 4: Composing an Effective Paragraph

English Quarter 4 – Module 4: Composing an Effective Paragraph

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[illustration: students reading and writing outdoors and indoors, a teacher at a desk, and a student working by lamplight with a globe in the foreground]

CO_Q4_English 8_Module 4

GOVERNMENT PROPERTY NOT FOR SALE

English – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 4 – Module 4: Composing an Effective Paragraph First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer/s: Rey Ariel I. Dagami, Redentor G. Bandoy, Shela May P. Lacia

Reviewers: Gladys S. Asis, Gemma B. Espadero, Pepsi C. Lopez, Ma. Fe C. Climaco, Tammy C. Catubig, Maricyl A. Feliza, Ardelyn L. Glodobe, Vanessa R. Natulla, Pinky Rosarie E. Laurente, Marvelous B. Estal

Illustrator: Julien Espinoza, Jason Villena

Layout Artist: Julien Espinoza, LRMS Tandag City

Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas, Isidro M. Biol, Maripaz F. Magno, Josephine Chonie M. Obsenares, Jeanette R. Isidro, Gemma B. Espadero, Eric C. Cabaluna

Printed in the Philippines by ______________________

Department of Education – Caraga Region Office Address: Learning Resource Management and Development Center (LRMDC) Teacher Development Center J.P. Rosales Avenue Butuan City, Philippines 8600 Tel. No: (085) 342-8207, Telefax No.: (085) 342-5969 E-mail Address: caraga@deped.gov.ph

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English

Quarter 4 – Module 4: Composing an Effective Paragraph

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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This module is developed based on the Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) presented in the English 8 MELC curriculum guide. The lesson found in this module is divided into independent units with their own activities and notes for further reading. This lesson helps you on how to compose an effective paragraph.

Further, this module can be used for individualized instruction working through topic by topic. In this respect, we hope that the module will itself be put to use productively in different ways that nonetheless contributes to its underlying aim: to save our learners from dropping out and to develop an awareness of reading among our learners, where reading the word is a part of reading the world.

The most essential learning competency in this module is to compose effective paragraphs.

Objectives:

As a learner of this module, you are expected to:

1. define a paragraph;
2. identify the different principles in writing an effective paragraph;
3. distinguish different patterns used in paragraph development; and
4. write a paragraph showing ways to preserve the environment.

What I Need to Know

This module is developed based on the Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) presented in the English 8 MELC curriculum guide. The lesson found in this module is divided into independent units with their own activities and notes for further reading. This lesson helps you on how to compose an effective paragraph.

Further, this module can be used for individualized instruction working through topic by topic. In this respect, we hope that the module will itself be put to use productively in different ways that nonetheless contributes to its underlying aim: to save our learners from dropping out and to develop an awareness of reading among our learners, where reading the word is a part of reading the world.

The most essential learning competency in this module is to compose effective paragraphs.

Objectives:

As a learner of this module, you are expected to:

1. define a paragraph;
2. identify the different principles in writing an effective paragraph;
3. distinguish different patterns used in paragraph development; and
4. write a paragraph showing ways to preserve the environment.

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What I Know

Before we start discussing the lesson, find out how much you know about the coverage of this module. The result of this pretest will determine whether you will proceed or skip the module. If you get a perfect score in this assessment, you can skip the module. However, if you get one or more mistakes, proceed with the module.

Directions: Read and analyze the following questions carefully. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What refers to a group of sentences organized to discuss a topic?

   • A. clauses
   • B. composition
   • C. essay
   • D. paragraph

2. Which essential part of a paragraph elaborates the topic by including specific details or evidences?

   • A. concluding sentence
   • B. supporting sentences
   • C. topic sentence
   • D. thesis statement

3. Which essential part of a paragraph uses a transitional device like thus, therefore, indeed or finally in restating the topic of the paragraph?

   • A. concluding sentence
   • B. supporting sentences
   • C. topic sentence
   • D. thesis statement

4. What principle of paragraph writing is evident when all sentences in the paragraph talk about one central idea or topic?

   • A. coherence
   • B. development
   • C. organization
   • D. unity

5. What principle of paragraph writing is applied when a paragraph describes, elaborates, explains, or supports its topic sentence, leaving no significant questions in readers’ minds?

   • A. coherence
   • B. cohesion
   • C. development
   • D. unity

6. What pattern of paragraph development is used to explain a stage or phase on how to do something by presenting the steps, procedure, or instructions?

   • A. definition
   • B. description
   • C. narration
   • D. process

7. What pattern of paragraph development uses series of examples to support and further explain the topic sentence?

   • A. cause and effect
   • B. comparison/contrast
   • C. definition
   • D. exemplification

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8. What is the topic sentence in the paragraph below?

E-mail is not something you can hold in your hand and send in the mail. It is simply a mail put into digital form and can be sent to its recipient through the Internet. Also, you don’t need a stamp to send it. E-mail has been turned into something electronically made that can be sent in anyplace, anytime, as long as the recipient has an internet connection. For example, a person does not need to go to the post office just to send an important letter or message. All he or she has to do is simply open his or her E-mail account, type a message and send it to the recipient’s E-mail address. In other words, E-mail is an electronic mail.

• A. E-mail is not something you can hold in your hand and send in the mail.
• B. E-mail is a mail put into digital form and sent to its recipient through the Internet.
• C. E-mail has been turned into something electronically made that can be sent in anyplace, anytime, as long as the recipient has an internet connection.
• D. In other words, E-mail is an electronic mail.

9. ‘Vlogs are different from blogs.’ Which pattern of paragraph development best fits given the topic sentence?

   • A. cause and effect
   • B. compare/contrast
   • C. definition
   • D. exemplification

10. Which of the following arrangement of sentences is an example of a coherent paragraph?

    
    

    1 – Deforestation is the cutting or the removal of trees for agricultural, mining, or urbanization purposes.
    2- Also, it disregards greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming
    3- There are many reasons why deforestation is considered a devastating environmental issue.
    4- These are the reasons why deforestation is a serious environmental issue.
    5- Despite its good intention, it has led to environmental problems such as soil erosion, flooding, and loss of habitats for the animals and plants.

    
    

• A. 31254
• B. 31524
• C. 31542
• D. 31245

11. What pattern of development is appropriate for item number 10?

• A. cause and effect
• B. classification
• C. description
• D. narration

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12. Which of the following arrangement of sentences is an example of a coherent paragraph?

    
    

    1- When we were there, we visited many famous tourist spots
    2– Visiting Korea is my most memorable get away.
    3- My dad surprised us that we were going to Korea for vacation.
    4- My most unforgettable trip happened when I was 15 years old.
    5- What is more memorable was when we watched the concert of my favorite K-pop band, BTS.

    
    

• A. 32154
• B. 35214
• C. 43152
• D. 42315

13. What pattern of development is appropriate for item number 12?

• A. description
• B. definition
• C. process
• D. narration

14. What pattern of paragraph development is used in the paragraph below?

    
    

    Boracay, one of the most famous beaches in the world, is also popular as a blessed island. You will be amazed and fascinated when you visit the place. Its powder-like sand will make you feel like you are in a paradise island. Seeing its crystal-clear water, will make you feel blessed and alive. Many locals and tourists always go back not only because of the paradise-like view but also to enjoy life and its blessings.

    
    

• A. cause and effect
• B. comparison/contrast
• C. description
• D. process

15. Based on the paragraph in number 14, what sentence violates the principle of coherence?

• A. You will be amazed and fascinated when you visit the place.
• B. Its powder-like sand will make you feel like you are in a paradise island.
• C. Seeing its crystal clear water, will make you feel blessed and alive.
• D. Many locals and tourists always go back not only because of the paradise-like view but also to enjoy life and its blessings.

Lesson 1 Composing an Effective Paragraph

What’s In

Are you done with the pre-assessment test? This time, recall what you have learned in the previous module.

Directions: Write Fact if the statement is true and Bluff if the statement is false. Write your answer in the first column and do it on a separate sheet of paper.

Fact/Bluff	Statements
	1. Synthesizing is combining different aspects of your ideas and research and the ideas of others in order to produce new ideas.
	2. One way to synthesize essential information is by reading one different source about a topic.
	3. Editing notes and combining concepts that are similar are ways to synthesize information.
	4. Thinking about your new ideas and connecting them to what you already know is another way of synthesizing information.
	5. One step of synthesizing information is by organizing sources gathered from print, digital, and electronic sources.

Remember:

The statements above talk about the different approaches in synthesizing information which are necessary in writing. They will serve as your guide as you proceed on writing your own paragraph.

What’s New

For you to have a glimpse on what this module is all about, do the activity below.

Directions: Arrange the following sentences to form a well-organized idea by writing the numbers (1-5) at the blanks provided. Write 1 for the first sentence and 5 for the last. Do it on a separate sheet of paper.

_______ The day we went up in Banahao is the day that I learned that there can be a surprising difference in temperature between the ground and the top of a mountain.

_______ My most vivid memory from childhood is travelling to the top of Mount Banahao.

_______ It was warm on the ground that day, but it got colder and colder the higher we went up to the mountain.

_______ Indeed, it is my most unforgettable journey I ever had.

_______ Also, the lush bushes add color to our journey.

Have you noticed that the sentences above talk about one topic? If you organize them, it will form a good paragraph. You will learn more on how to write a paragraph as you continue with this module.

What is It

In this part of the module, you will learn the meaning of a paragraph and the different principles and patterns in writing an effective paragraph.

What is a Paragraph?

A paragraph is a group of sentences organized to discuss a topic. In fact, the main rule of paragraph writing is to focus on one idea or topic. To be able to write an effective paragraph, one must have the essential parts.

What are the Parts of a Paragraph?

There are three parts of a paragraph namely topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence. Each serves a different function in the paragraph.

Topic Sentence

A topic sentence presents the topic of the paragraph. It will serve as a guide for the writer to keep his or her writing under control. This is why, a topic sentence is called the “controlling idea” of a paragraph.

Below is an example of a topic sentence.

There are three reasons why I prefer walking to other physical activities.

The sentence above shows that the topic is about walking. It will guide the writer to focus only on the reasons why he or she prefers walking to other physical activities.

Supporting Sentences

The Supporting sentences serve as the body of your paragraph. This is where you elaborate your topic by including specific details or evidences. All of the sentences in the body must relate to the topic sentence. These sentences should be organized accordingly through the use of transitional devices.

Below is an example of supporting sentences.

One reason is that walking can be done easily. I can do it anywhere at any time with no need for any equipment. Also, I prefer walking because it is good for the heart. I don’t have to do much effort while walking. Lastly, I prefer this physical activity because it is safe. It is not as risky as other physical activities like swimming, racing or biking.

The sentences above are supporting sentences elaborating the topic sentence which is about the reasons why the writer prefers walking to the other physical activities. The sentences are connected by using the transitional devices of addition such as: one, also, and lastly.

Concluding Sentence

A concluding sentence restates what the topic of the paragraph is all about. It comes after all the details have been included in the body of the paragraph. The box below contains the list of transitional devices used in concluding sentences.

Conclusion: thus, hence, indeed, finally, therefore, consequently, in conclusion, to conclude, as a result, in the end, and for all these reasons

Summary: so, accordingly, briefly, in brief, in sum, summing up, in summary, to sum up, as can be seen, given this point, and to summarize

Below is an example of a concluding sentence.

For all these reasons, I consider walking the best physical activity of all.

The sentence above is the concluding sentence showing the conclusion how the speaker feels about walking. It uses the transitional device for all these reasons.

Below is an example of a complete paragraph with its essential parts.

[chart: labeled diagram; parts of a paragraph with arrows and brackets. Labels: “Topic Sentence” (arrow to first sentence); “Supporting Sentences” (bracket over the middle sentences); “Concluding Sentence” (arrow to last sentence)]

There are three reasons why I prefer walking to other physical activities.

One reason is that walking can be done easily. I can do it anywhere at any time with no need for any equipment. Also, I prefer walking because it is good for the heart. I don’t have to do much effort while walking.

Lastly, I prefer this physical activity because it is safe. It is not as risky as other physical activities like swimming, racing or biking For all these reasons, I consider walking the best physical activity of all.

What are the Principles in Writing a Paragraph?

For a paragraph to be effective, the following principles must be observed.

Unity

Unity means that all sentences in the paragraph talk about one central idea. This means that the writer will deal only with one topic. It is important because it guides the writer with his or her idea.

Example:

Apples make us healthy. They are rich in fiber that reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. They also have vitamin C that boosts the immune system and helps defend the body from infections and diseases. Lactobacilli, a type of probiotic that is good for digestion, is another component present in apples. In addition, apples have potassium that reduces the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular complications. Indeed, apples are nutritious and good for our health.

The paragraph above has unity. It only tackles one topic which is ‘Apples make us healthy.’ With this, the supporting sentences talk about the healthy components of apples. Then, the concluding sentence emphasizes the main idea of the topic sentence by restating that apples are nutritious and good for our health.

Coherence

Coherence refers to the connection of ideas in the paragraph in general. The idea in the topic sentence, as well as in the supporting sentences and concluding sentence, is connected to each other through the use of transitional devices.

Example

Apples make us healthy. They are rich in fiber that reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. They also have vitamin C that boosts the immune system and helps defend the body from infections and diseases. Lactobacilli, a type of probiotic that is good for digestion, is another component present in apples. In addition, apples have potassium that reduces the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular complications. Indeed, apples are nutritious and good for our health.

The paragraph above has coherence. The sentences are connected to each other through the use of the underlined transitional devices.

Development

Development refers to the principle when a paragraph describes, elaborates, explains, and supports its topic sentence. A paragraph is considered adequately developed if after reading it, the reader is left with no questions.

Example

Apples make us healthy. They are rich in fiber that reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. They also have vitamin C that boosts the immune system and helps defend the body from infections and diseases. Lactobacilli, a type of probiotic that is good for digestion, is another component present in apples. In addition, apples have potassium that reduces the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular complications. Indeed, apples are nutritious and good for our health.

The paragraph above applies the principle of development. The topic sentence which is ‘Apples make us healthy’ is elaborated with facts. These facts are presented in the supporting sentences. Also, the concluding sentence supports the topic sentence by restating that apples are nutritious and good for our health.

What are the Different Patterns of Paragraph Development?

There are many ways to develop a paragraph. The following are the common patterns of paragraph development.

Narration

In the narration pattern, the paragraph tells a story or recounts a series of events. It arranges the events or ideas in a chronological order which means the events are organized from beginning to end. Narrative paragraph can be based on personal experience or on knowledge gained from reading or observation.

Example:

My most memorable trip is my last vacation. For me, it is a very special moment because my family was finally complete after ten years. The plan was to go in a white island where the sea was as clear as crystals. It is one of the booming tourist destinations in our country. When we reached the place, we were all fascinated with the beauty of nature. Since it was a rare occasion that we were all complete, we immediately took the chance to have our first family photo. This makes my last vacation to be the most memorable get away.

Description

In a description pattern, the paragraph is characterized by using more adjectives or vivid sensory description. It creates a mental picture of the idea or the topic by describing how it sounds, smells, tastes, feels, and/or looks. It is often recommended to use transitional words and phrases that indicate location.

Example:

One of the most visited tourist attractions in Caraga is the Enchanted River of Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur. It is a deep cold spring river with bright blue color that sparkles when the sun hits the clear water. The blue river is surrounded by trees and jungle vines of scenic green. Beneath the water lies a cave system that consists of tunnels leading to an unmapped territory making it mysterious. But, what is more mysterious is how the river got its name “Enchanted”. Locals believe that fairies have added mesmerizing colors of sapphire and jade to the water that resulted to its captivating beauty. Another enchanting event happens every 12 noon. The caretaker rings a bell that signals everyone to leave the water. When everyone is out, the “Hymn of Hinatuan” is played. Then, a large variety of fishes gathered for the feeding which is done by the staff members. The fishes are fed with rice, minced meat, shrimp, octopus, and other scraps of food. Once the feeding is done, these fishes simply disappear returning the water back to its calm state. These are the reasons why Hinatuan’s Enchanted River is an amazing tourist attraction that people must visit.

Process

This pattern of development is usually used to explain a process on how to do something. It uses transitional devices of enumeration (e.g., first, second, third) and time (e.g., then, next, finally). It is the right pattern of development when your purpose is to help your readers understand the steps in a process or procedure, or to give instructions.

Example:

Cooking spaghetti is very simple. First, cook pasta according to the instructions on the packaging. When pasta is cooked, drain it and set aside. Second, sauté garlic and onion in butter. Third, add ground beef and cook for 5 minutes. Next, add hotdog and cook for 2 minutes. After that, add tomato sauce, banana ketchup, and a small amount of water to make a spaghetti sauce. Simmer for 20 minutes until cooked. Then, pour spaghetti sauce over pasta. Finally, top with grated cheese and serve. These are the easy steps to cook spaghetti.

Exemplification

This pattern of paragraph development uses series of examples to support the topic sentence. This means that to further explain the topic, the use of specific examples must be provided.

Example:

Potential energy refers to an energy that is at rest or without motion. For example, you are sitting on a chair. The stored energy while on a sitting position is referred to as potential energy. Similarly, a boy who is sleeping on a bed is another example of potential energy. Therefore, potential energy is the stored energy possessed by an object at rest.

Comparison/Contrast

This pattern of paragraph development is used when a paragraph demonstrates comparison and/or contrast or examines how given subjects are either similar or different. Comparison examines how the subjects are the same while contrast examines how the subjects are different. In writing this paragraph pattern it is highly recommended to use transitional words and phrases that indicate comparison and contrast.

Example:

Crocodiles and alligators are different species. They don’t belong to the same biological family. Crocodiles came from the family of Crocodilia while alligators came from the family of Alligatoridae. In terms of their habitat, crocodiles prefer to live in saltwater while alligators live in freshwater like rivers and lakes. The main reason for this geographical separation is that Crocodiles have well-developed salt glands on their tongue that expel large amounts of salt, enabling them to live in more salty waters. However, alligators’ salt glands don’t function well, leading them to stick to freshwater habitats. Another way to differentiate the two is by looking at the shape of their snouts. Crocodiles have long pointed V-shaped snouts while alligators have rounded U-shaped snouts. These features make crocodiles and alligators distinct from each other.

Definition

This pattern of paragraph development aims to give a complete working definition of a term, concept, or idea. One of the main features of this pattern is that it tells both what the term is and what it is not. In other words, it defines the boundaries of a term, so the readers can better understand it.

Example.

E-mail is not something you can hold in your hand and send in the mail. Simply, it is a mail put into digital form and sent to its recipient through the Internet. Also, you don’t need a stamp to send it. E-mail has been turned into something electronically made that can be sent in anyplace, anytime, as long as the recipient has an internet connection. For example, a person does not need to go to the post office just to send an important letter or message. All he or she has to do is simply open his or her E-mail account, type a message and send it to the recipient’s E-mail address. In other words, E-mail is an electronic mail.

Classification

This pattern of paragraph development presents a topic and classifies it into component parts, types, kinds or categories. It distinguishes its parts by presenting the characteristics of each. This pattern uses transitional phrases like can be divided, is a kind/type/part of, can be classified, falls under, can be categorized, is related to, and associated with.

Example:

Some of us think that verbs are only those action words. But actually, verbs have different classifications. They can be actions, linking, and auxiliary verbs. On one hand, action verbs are those words that show actions like jump, write, and talk. On the other hand, linking verbs such as is, are, was, were, and am, are words that connect the subject of a sentence to its predicate. Meanwhile, auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, are those verbs used to help a main verb. For example, in this sentence “I do love English”, do is an auxiliary verb since it is used to help the main verb love. In conclusion, verbs have many forms and functions.

Cause and Effect

This pattern of paragraph development explains the reasons why something happened or explains the effects of something. When an author gives reasons, he or she is explaining the causes. When a writer explains the results, he or she is explaining the effects. To explain the causes, the following signal words may be used: since, due to, because, consequently, and for this reason. To explain the

effects, the following signal words may be used: so, thus, hence, therefore, and as a result.

Example:

There are many reasons why students are not allowed to chew gum in the class. First, some irresponsible students do not properly dispose their gum after chewing. They may stick it on the bottoms of desks, drop it on the floor, or put it on their classmate’s property. This may result to arguments among classmates. Another reason is it is a distraction. When students are allowed to chew gum, their attention is more focused on chewing, popping, or snapping it. Because of this, they may no longer listen, read, and learn properly. These are the reasons why students are not allowed to chew gum in the class.

What’s More

This time, you will be practicing what you have learned in writing an effective paragraph through the different activities below.

Activity 1- On Semantic Web

Directions: Complete the semantic web below by giving words or phrases that can be associated to the word paragraph. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

[chart: semantic web; no number or title printed]

• Central word: PARAGRAPH
• Six empty bubbles, each connected to the central word PARAGRAPH

Self-Check:

• Were you able to give appropriate words or phrases related to the word paragraph?
• Is your knowledge about the concept of paragraph adequate enough to help you in writing an effective paragraph?
• Do you think you are ready to develop your own paragraph?

Assessment 1

Directions: Based on the paragraphs below, identify the essential parts of the paragraph and write them on their corresponding boxes. Do this on a separate sheet of paper.

Paragraph box 1:

I really love writing poems. It allows me to express my thoughts. Also, it enables me to explore my wide imagination. I enjoy thinking of words that rhyme together. It really makes me happy. That is why writing poems is my passion.

Paragraph box 2:

Leptospirosis can be deadly. It is a bacterial infection that usually comes from the urine of rats, dogs, and farm animals. Leptospirosis infection to persons rarely lasts for more than a week. However, if the person gets a severe form infection, he or she must be hospitalized for it could lead to serious conditions like chest pain, shortness of breath, kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, and even death. Without proper treatment, leptospirosis can lead to loss of life.

[chart: two hamburger-style organizers, one for each paragraph box; no number or title printed]

• Organizer 1 (top to bottom): Topic Sentence; Supporting Sentence 1; Supporting Sentence 2; Supporting Sentence 3; Concluding Sentence
• Organizer 2 (top to bottom): Topic Sentence; Supporting Sentence 1; Supporting Sentence 2; Supporting Sentence 3; Concluding Sentence

Activity 2- Relate and Connect!

Directions: Read the sentences below. Identify the four sentences that are related to each other. Write ✓ your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

_____ Water bottles, milk jugs, product containers, shampoo bottles, and other plastics are the things that we usually throw to the garbage.

_____ There are so many simple and creative ways to recycle, reuse and repurpose plastic items, and we will give you the ultimate guide on how to do it.

_____ However, many of us often unknowingly throw away these plastic items that can easily be reused or recycled instead.

_____ First, we can use plastic containers in making pots for plants and flowers.

_____ By doing this, we will realize that we can earn and save money by recycling, reusing and repurposing plastic items.

_____ Pollution is a result of human’s irresponsibility and abuses.

_____ Also, we can recycle old newspapers and magazines by making paper arts and creative handicrafts for decorations and even for business.

_____ Also, we can sell plastic bottles to the junk shops for them to be recycled.

Self-Check:

• Have you correctly identified the sentences which are related?
• What principles of paragraph writing have you considered in identifying them?

Assessment 2

Based on the sentences that you have chosen in Activity 2, make a paragraph by organizing and rewriting the sentences.

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Activity 3 – Guess the Pattern!

Directions: The following paragraphs talk about a single topic but apply different patterns. Read each paragraph and identify the pattern of development used. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global crisis. In December 2019, the virus began in the province of Wuhan, China. After few months, the virus reached the nearby provinces of China and spread to the other parts of the globe. On March 11, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic since it infected more than 100,000 individuals over 110 countries. Until now, this pandemic remains unsolved.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

2. Viruses refer to infectious microscopic organisms that multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. They replicate themselves by integrating into the cell. When this happens, the virus uses the cell’s chemical machinery to keep itself alive. Viruses are responsible for causing many diseases such as measles, chicken pox, common colds, SARS, and COVID-19. In conclusion, viruses are microorganisms that harm other living things.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

3. Some scientists claim that Corona Virus can be airborne. However, World Health Organization (WHO) clarifies that the virus can be transmitted through aerosolized respiratory droplets. It means that a person can primarily get the virus through droplets coming from the infected person who coughs, sneezes or talks. The person can get the virus if he or she is within 6 ft. perimeter, does not have face mask, and inhaled the droplets. Also, people can be infected by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus. Therefore, the primary mode of transmission is through droplets.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

4. Because of COVID-19 pandemic, there are safety protocols that must be followed when entering some establishments. First you must wear face mask and face shield. Next, present your quarantine pass. Then, the personnel will check your temperature. If your body temperature is 37°C and below, you can enter the establishment. After that, you will fill out a form asking for your contact information. Once done, you can proceed with your transaction but you will be asked to observe social distancing. These measures must be followed to ensure your safety and to avoid getting the virus.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

5. As COVID-19 outbreak continues to grow, comparisons have been drawn between COVID-19 and SARS. These viruses have similarities and differences in terms of their symptoms and transmission. Both viruses have common symptoms like fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. However, other symptoms like fever and chest pain are commonly experienced in SARS while sore throat and runny nose are observed in COVID-19. In terms of transmission, both viruses can be spread through droplets when an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks. However, COVID-19 has a wider scope of transmission than SARS because the droplets from a COVID-19 infected person can reach up to 6 feet while the droplets from a SARS infected person can only reach up to 3 feet. To sum up, even though COVID-19 and SARS have differences, both are still deadly to humanity.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

6. Despite the problems brought by the pandemic, it has undeniably cultivated certain Filipino values. Because of the situation, family ties have been strengthened. Filipinos have valued more the presence of the family members and enjoy the time together. Also, the crisis made their faith to God stronger. Further, they have better realized the importance of proper hygiene, good nutrition, and a clean environment. This led to a positive habit formation that protects themselves and their loved ones. Truly, when viewed in a positive lens, this pandemic can bring out the best of Filipinos.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

7. When we were young, we thought that germs only come from dirty things and places. But actually, they are microorganisms that can cause diseases. As a matter of fact, germs can be classified as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Viruses are infectious microorganisms that multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. Meanwhile, bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms that get nutrients from their environments in order to live. Fungi on the other hand, are multi-celled plant-like organisms that get their nutrition from plants, people, and animals while protozoa are single-celled organisms, like bacteria but bigger than them. Protozoa are fond in moisture and often spread diseases through contaminated water. In conclusion, germs can be in different forms.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

8. It is definitely frightful to be infected with COVID-19. Though a large number of patients experience mild symptoms, turning it to a severe condition is still a possibility. I could not imagine a patient to experience chest pain, loss of speech or movement, and difficulty in breathing. What is worse is the patient is all alone when he or she experiences all these struggles. Furthermore, anxiety and self-pity add to the struggle of the patients. Therefore, in order to avoid such conditions, let us not put our guards down from COVID-19.

   
   

   Paragraph pattern used: _____________________________

   
   

Assessment 3 – Let’s Write!

Directions: Based on the given topic sentences and paragraph patterns, write a 5-7 sentence paragraph. Your paragraph will be graded according to the criteria set in the rubrics provided on page 22.

A. Use the comparison/contrast pattern.

Generally, radio and TV have similar features but they also have some striking differences. _____

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B. Use the process pattern.

There is a proper way of hand washing. _____

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Paragraph Writing Rubric

(15-point Total Scale)

CRITERIA	DESCRIPTION	INDICATORS	SCORE
Parts of a Paragraph 1 -5 points	Presents the essential parts of a paragraph namely topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence.	5 – The paragraph presents the three essential parts of a paragraph in a very organized way. 4- The paragraph presents the three essential parts of a paragraph in an organized way. 3 – The paragraph presents the essential parts of a paragraph in a fairly organized way. 2 – The paragraph presents the essential parts but it is poorly organized. 1-The paragraph fails to present the essential parts.
Principles of Paragraph Writing 1 -5 points	Applies the principles of writing a paragraph namely unity, coherence, and development.	5 – The paragraph clearly shows unity, coherence and development. 4 – The paragraph shows unity, coherence and development. 3- The paragraph fairly shows unity, coherence and development. 2- The paragraph poorly shows unity, coherence and development. 1 – The paragraph fails to show any principles of paragraph writing.
Pattern used in Paragraph Development 1 -5 points	Follows the given pattern of paragraph development.	5 – The paragraph effectively follows the given pattern of paragraph development. 4 – The paragraph follows the given pattern of paragraph development. 3 – The paragraph fairly follows the given pattern of paragraph development. 2– The paragraph poorly follows the given pattern of paragraph development. 1– The paragraph does not follow the given pattern of paragraph development.

What I Have Learned

Let us check how far you have learned from this lesson by filling in the boxes below.

Today I have learned that paragraph is _____ _____.

The essential parts of a paragraph discussed in this module are _____

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The pattern of paragraph development that I like the most is the pattern of _____. I like it because _____

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I have realized that writing effective paragraphs is important because_____

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What I Can Do

Directions: Read and analyze the paragraph below. Using the guide question make a paragraph about preserving our environment. Your paragraph will be graded according to the criteria set in the rubrics provided on page 20.

One of the environmental issues faced by many countries around the world is land pollution. Land pollution is the contamination and destruction of the earth’s land surfaces due to human activities and misuse of land resources. There are many factors that contributed to this problem. One of the factors is when humans apply toxic chemicals such as insecticides, pesticides, and herbicides affecting the fertility and productivity of the soil. Another factor is the improper disposal of plastic wastes and garbage. Dumped garbage releases toxic gases that are harmful to humans as well as to the land surfaces. Factories cause land pollution too because they produce chemicals and toxic waste products which are damaging to the soil. Also, exploitation of minerals through mining has contributed to the contamination of the land. To sum up, these are the different factors that contributed to land pollution.

• What do you think is the condition of our environment nowadays?
• How can you contribute to solve this problem?

Preserving the Environment

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Assessment

Congratulations for having reached this far! This time, check what you have learned in this module by answering the test that follows.

1. What refers to a group of sentences organized to discuss a topic?

   • A. clauses
   • B. composition
   • C. essay
   • D. paragraph

2. Which essential part of a paragraph elaborates the topic by including specific details or evidences?

   • A. concluding sentence
   • B. supporting sentences
   • C. topic sentence
   • D. thesis statement

3. Which essential part of a paragraph uses a transitional device like thus, therefore, indeed or finally in restating the topic of the paragraph?

   • A. concluding sentence
   • B. supporting sentences
   • C. topic sentence
   • D. thesis statement

4. What principle of paragraph writing is evident when all sentences in the paragraph talk about one central idea or topic?

   • A. coherence
   • B. development
   • C. organization
   • D. unity

5. What principle of paragraph writing is applied when a paragraph describes, elaborates, explains, or supports its topic sentence, leaving no significant questions in readers’ minds?

   • A. coherence
   • B. cohesion
   • C. development
   • D. unity

6. What pattern of paragraph development is used to explain a process on how to do something by presenting the steps, procedure, or instructions?

   • A. definition
   • B. description
   • C. narration
   • D. process

7. What pattern of paragraph development uses series of examples to support and further explain the topic sentence?

   • A. cause and effect
   • B. comparison/contrast
   • C. definition
   • D. exemplification

8. What is the topic sentence in the paragraph below?

   
   

E-mail is not something you can hold in your hand and send in the mail. It is simply a mail put into digital form and can be sent to its recipient through the Internet. Also, you don’t need a stamp to send it. E-mail has been turned into something electronically made that can be sent in anyplace, anytime, as long as the recipient has an internet connection. For example, a person does not need to go to the post office just to send an important letter or message. All he or she has to do is simply open his or her E-mail account, type a message and send it to the recipient’s E-mail address. In other words, E-mail is an electronic mail.

• A. E-mail is not something you can hold in your hand and send in the mail.
• B. E-mail is a mail put into digital form and sent to its recipient through the Internet.
• C. E-mail has been turned into something electronically made that can be sent in anyplace, anytime, as long as the recipient has an internet connection.
• D. In other words, E-mail is an electronic mail.

9. ‘Vlogs are different from blogs.’ Which pattern of paragraph development best fits given the topic sentence?

   • A. cause and effect
   • B. compare/contrast
   • C. definition
   • D. exemplification

10. Which of the following arrangement of sentences is an example of a coherent paragraph?

    
    

11. Deforestation is the cutting or the removal of trees for agricultural, mining, or urbanization purposes.

    
    

12. Also, it disregards greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming

    
    

13. There are many reasons why deforestation is considered a devastating environmental issue.

    
    

14. These are the reasons why deforestation is a serious environmental issue.

    
    

15. Despite its good intention, it has led to environmental problems such as soil erosion, flooding, and loss of habitats for the animals and plants.

    
    

• A. 31254
• B. 31524
• C. 31542
• D. 31245

11. What pattern of development is appropriate for item number 10?

• A. cause and effect
• B. classification
• C. description
• D. narration

12. Which of the following arrangement of sentences is an example of a coherent paragraph?

    
    

13. When we were there, we visited many famous tourist spots.

    
    

14. Visiting Korea is my most memorable get away.

    
    

15. My dad surprised us that we were going to Korea for vacation.

    
    

16. My most unforgettable trip happened when I was 15 years old.

    
    

17. What is more memorable was when we watched the concert of my favorite K-pop band, BTS.

    
    

• A. 32154
• B. 35214
• C. 43152
• D. 42315

13. What pattern of development is appropriate for item number 12?

• A. description
• B. definition
• C. process
• D. narration

14. What pattern of paragraph development is used in the paragraph below?

Boracay, one of the most famous beaches in the world, is also popular as a blessed island. You will be amazed and fascinated when you visit the place. Its powder-like sand will make you feel like you are in a paradise island. Seeing its crystal-clear water, will make you feel blessed and alive. Many locals and tourists always go back not only because of the paradise-like view but also to enjoy life and its blessings.

• A. cause and effect
• B. comparison/contrast
• C. description
• D. process

15. Based on the paragraph in number 14, what sentence violates the principle of coherence?

• A. You will be amazed and fascinated when you visit the place.
• B. Its powder-like sand will make you feel like you are in a paradise island.
• C. Seeing its crystal clear water, will make you feel blessed and alive.
• D. Many locals and tourists always go back not only because of the paradise-like view but also to enjoy life and its blessings.

Additional Activities

This part of the module will help you sharpen your knowledge on paragraph writing.

It’s More Fun in My Province!

Directions: Think of the most visited place in your province. Write a paragraph about it consisting of 5-7 sentences. A rubric on page 22 is given as your guide.

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Answer Key

transcriber’s note: this page is printed rotated 180 degrees inside its panels, and its sections are laid out in side-by-side columns; the sections are transcribed below in the order they appear in the module.

What’s In

1. E
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. D

What I Know

Pre-Test

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. D

What’s More

Activity-1

1. Answers may vary

Assessment-1

A.

Topic Sentence: I really love writing poems. SS 1: It allows me to express my thoughts. SS 2: Also, it enables me to explore my wide imagination. I enjoy thinking of words that rhyme together. SS3: It really makes me happy. Concluding Sentence: That is why writing poems is my passion.

B.

Topic Sentence: Leptospirosis can be deadly. SS1: It is a bacterial infection that usually comes from the urine of rats, dogs, and farm animals. SS2: Leptospirosis infection to persons rarely lasts for more than a week. SS3: However, if the person gets a severe form infection, he or she must be hospitalized for chest pain, shortness of breath, kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, and even death. Concluding Sentence: Without proper treatment, leptospirosis can lead to loss of life.

Activity-2

There are so many simple and creative ways to recycle, reuse and repurpose plastic items, and we will give you the ultimate guide on how to do it.

First, we can use plastic containers in making pots for plants and flowers.

By doing this, we will realize that we can earn and save money by recycling, reusing and repurposing plastic items.

Also, we can sell plastic bottles to the junk shops for them to be recycled.

Assessment 2

There are so many simple and creative ways to recycle, reuse and repurpose plastic items, and we will give you the ultimate guide on how to do it.

First, we can use plastic containers in making pots for plants and flowers.

By doing this, we will realize that we can earn and save money by recycling, reusing and repurposing plastic items.

Also, we can sell plastic bottles to the junk shops for them to be recycled.

What’s More: Activity-3 Guess the Pattern!

1. Narration
2. Definition
3. Exemplification
4. Process
5. Compare/Contrast
6. Cause & Effect
7. Classification
8. Description

Assessment-3

1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary

Assessment

16. D
17. B
18. A
19. D
20. C
21. D
22. D
23. A
24. B
25. B
26. A
27. C
28. D
29. C
30. D

Additional Activities

Answers may vary

Note: Teacher has to read the topic each student may choose. Consider its unity, development and coherence based on the rubric provided.

What I Can Do

Pick a Paragraph

Answers may vary

Note: Teacher has to read the topic each student may choose. Consider its unity, development and coherence based on the rubric provided.

Reference

Department of Health, COVID-19 Updates, www.doh.gov.ph

“Department of Health Website.” 2019. Doh.Gov.Ph. 2019. https://www.doh.gov.ph/2019-nCoV.

Department of Education, K to 12 English Curriculum Guide-English 8 Fourth Quarter

“PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT.” n.d. Faculty.Washington.Edu. http://faculty.washington.edu/ezent/impd.htm.

“E. Characteristics of Good Paragraph Writing – English Academic Writing (Video Teaching).” n.d. Sites.Google.Com. Accessed August 9, 2020. https://sites.google.com/site/phf6453/ii-subject-verb-agreement/a-introduction.

“Seven Types of Paragraph Development.” n.d. http://www.write.armstrong.edu/handouts/Modes.pdf.

“Macmillan Learning for Instructors | Textbooks & Resources for Higher Education.” n.d. Www.Macmillanlearning.Com. https://go.bfwpub.com/rs/122-CFG-317/images/Handout_AP%20Language_Patterns%20of%20Development.pdf.

“Kirszner and Mandell The Brief Holt Handbook.” 2020. Sharpschool.Net. https://www.bedfordjfhs.sharpschool.net.

“Potential Energy.” 2000. Physicsclassroom.Com. 2000. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy.

“Alligator vs Crocodile: What’s the Difference? – A Tutor.” 2019. A Tutor. June 20, 2019. https://atutor.ca/alligator-vs-crocodile/.

“Africa Faces Some Serious Environmental Problems: Greenpeace.” n.d. Globe Afrique – Africa and World News. Accessed August 12, 2020. https://globeafrique.com/africa-faces-some-serious-environmental-problems-greenpeace/#.

“Virus | Definition, Structure, & Facts.” 2019. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/virus.

Shiel, William C. 2018. “Definition of Virus.” MedicineNet. 2018. https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5997.

Cunningham, Avril. n.d. “LibGuides: English 100: Interactive Writing: Classification-Division.” Bowiestate.Libguides.Com. Accessed August 13, 2020. https://bowiestate.libguides.com/english_100/Classification_Division.

“Germs: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protozoa (for Parents) – KidsHealth.” 2019. Accessed August 13, 2020. Kidshealth.Org. 2019. https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/germs.html.

“#1 Grammar and Spell Checker.” n.d. Www.Gingersoftware.Com. https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/.

“Types of Verbs.” n.d. https://www.uvu.edu/writingcenter/docs/handouts/grammar/typesofverbs.pdf.

“Toppr.” 2019. Toppr-Guides. November 13, 2019. https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/land-pollution/.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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