Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 Module 4: Types of Rocks and Their Properties • DepEd Tambayan

This is the Self-Learning Module (SLM) for Earth and Life Science, Quarter 1, Module 4: Rocks. It is a Senior High School module from DepEd Region 4A CALABARZON (First Edition, 2021), written by Josephine P. Jacinto. Its single lesson, Types of Rocks and their Properties, helps learners classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic and understand how each type forms.

On this page 6 sections

What learners will learn

The module covers one Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC): classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic (S11/12ES-Ib-10).

After the module, learners are expected to:

identify the three types of rocks;
classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks; and
appreciate the importance of rocks in daily life.

ELS_Q1_Module-4_Rocks_v2

Key ideas: what rocks are

A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals, held together by chemical bonds. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists group rocks into three types based on how they form: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

Igneous rocks

Igneous rocks form when magma, the molten material from deep within the Earth, hardens and crystallizes. There are two kinds:

Extrusive (volcanic): magma reaches the surface as lava and cools quickly, so the crystals are very small (fine-grained).
Intrusive (plutonic): magma cools slowly beneath the surface, so the crystals are very large (coarse-grained).

Igneous rocks are also classified by:

Composition: felsic (light-colored, with feldspar and silicates), mafic (dark-colored, made up of magnesium, calcium, and iron), intermediate (between felsic and mafic), and ultramafic (mostly mafic minerals).
Texture: aphanitic (fine-grained, crystals seen only with a microscope; printed as “aphanistic” in the module), phaneritic (coarse-grained), porphyritic (large crystals with small crystals), glassy (looks like colored glass, no visible crystals), and pyroclastic (from explosive fragmentation of volcanic material).

Examples: obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, and gabbro.

Metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks that have been changed by agents of metamorphism. Metamorphism is the transformation of one rock type into another. The module describes two types:

Regional metamorphism: changes in pressure and temperature over a large region of the crust, for example when rock is buried deep below the surface.
Contact metamorphism: minerals and textures change mainly because of heat from contact with magma.

By texture, metamorphic rocks are foliated (layered or banded, with compressed mineral grains) or non-foliated (usually made of only a few minerals). Examples: quartzite, marble, slate, and phyllite.

Sedimentary rocks

Sediments such as sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments pile up in layers and, over a long time, harden into rock. Compaction happens when the pressure of layered sediments binds them together. Sedimentary rocks give information about surface conditions in the Earth’s past, and they are where fossils are found. The three types are:

Clastic: formed from clasts, little pieces of broken rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale.
Chemical: formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution. Example: halite, formed when a closed-off body of seawater evaporates.
Organic: formed from the accumulation of plant and animal debris. Example: coal.

The module’s test gives the order of processes that form sedimentary rocks as weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.

Quick comparison

	Igneous	Sedimentary	Metamorphic
How it forms	Cooling of magma or lava	Compaction and cementation of sediments	Change of existing rock by heat and pressure
Types	Intrusive, extrusive	Clastic, non-clastic (chemical, organic)	Contact, regional
Examples	Granite, basalt, pumice	Sandstone, limestone, coal	Marble, slate, quartzite

Activities in the module

What I Know: a 15-item multiple-choice pretest.
Activity 1, Word Cryptogram: unscramble rock words and solve a riddle about layers of sediments.
Activity 2, Name It!: identify and classify five pictured rocks.
Activity 3, Picture Perfect!: collect and photograph at least five rock samples from your area, describe them, classify them, and note their importance.
Activity 4, Crossword Puzzle: review science words such as metamorphism, clastic, and compaction.
Activity 5, Let’s Compare!: fill in a table of types, examples, and processes for each rock type.
Activity 6, Compare Me!: a Venn diagram of similarities and differences among the three rock types.
What I Can Do: reflect on how to promote sustainable use of rocks, and research the economic and medical uses of one igneous, one sedimentary, and one metamorphic rock.
Assessment: a 15-item multiple-choice post-test.
Additional Activities: a concept map of rock classification and a fill-in rock cycle diagram.

How to use this module

Learners: Start with the pretest to see what you already know. Then read the lesson, do the activities in order, and finish with the post-test. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper and do not mark the module. Answer keys are included; use them honestly to check your work.
Parents and facilitators: The module is designed for home-based learning. Help your child gather rock samples for Activity 3 and find internet access for the research task.
Teachers: Use the Notes to the Teacher, which focus on building awareness of rock characteristics and formation and on classification skills. Check the answer key against the lesson before using it for grading: for example, the key labels item 5 of Name It! as “Gabro, Sedimentary,” while the lesson lists gabbro as an igneous rock.

Frequently asked questions

What grade and quarter is this Earth and Life Science module for?

It is a Senior High School module for Quarter 1, Module 4. Its competency code, S11/12ES-Ib-10, is used for Grades 11 and 12.

What are the three types of rocks in this module?

Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava, sedimentary rocks form from layers of sediments that harden over time, and metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure.

What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

Extrusive rocks form from lava that cools quickly at the surface, so their crystals are small and fine-grained. Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools slowly underground, so their crystals are large and coarse-grained.

Does the module have an answer key?

Yes. It has answer keys for the pretest, the post-test, and several activities, including Name It!, Let’s Compare!, and the Additional Activities.

In which type of rock are fossils found?

According to the module’s tests, fossils are found in sedimentary rocks.

Full text of the module

The text below is a transcription of the PDF above, as printed.

Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rocks

Senior High School

Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rocks

[illustration: students reading and studying outdoors under a tree and at a desk, with a globe and a lantern]

GOVERNMENT PROPERTY NOT FOR SALE

CO_Q1_ELS SHS Module 1

Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rocks First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Josephine P. Jacinto

Editors: Melanie I. Samudio, Jocelyn M. Manset

Reviewer: Jason Ricaforte, Angelica Beriña, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr, Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan, Job S. Zape Jr., Niña Grace T. Aquino

Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo

Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero Jocelyn M. Manset

Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral Job S. Zape Jr. Eugenio S. Adrao Elaine T. Balaogan Merthel M. Evardome Nadine C. Celindro Nicolas M. Burgos Mario B. Maramot Fe M. Ong-ongowan Rosalinda A. Mendoza

Printed in the Philippines by _____

Department of Education – Region 4A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Brgy. San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: lrmd.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph

Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rocks

Senior High School

Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rocks

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the properties of rocks. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

Lesson 1 – Types of Rocks and their Properties
MELC: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. S11/12ES-Ib-10.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

identify the three types of rocks;
classify rocks as to igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks; and
appreciate the importance of rocks in our daily life.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

Rocks vary in color, size, texture and shape. They are classified based on how they were formed. Which of the following deals with the study of rocks?
A. Biology
B. Geology
C. Paleontology
D. Petrology
Halite is made when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates and salt precipitates out and is deposited as crystallized halite. What type of sedimentary rock is formed?
A. Clastic
B. Chemical
C. Organic
D. Pyroclastic
Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive and intrusive. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma makes its way to its surface as lava and then cools, forming rocks. Which will be the characteristics of the crystals?
A. Crystals are coarse grained.
B. Crystals are fine grained.
C. Crystals are very large.
D. Crystals are phaneritic
Regional metamorphism occurs due to changes in pressure and temperature over a large region of the crust. It may happen when rock is buried deep below the surface or where pieces of the Earth’s crust collide. Which is a metamorphic rock?
A. Breccia
B. Conglomerate
C. Marble
D. Sandstone
Igneous and metamorphic rock can be buried and undergo tremendous heating and stress. What is the process of transformation of one rock type into another?
A. Compaction
B. Lithification
C. Metamorphism
D. weathering
What type of rocks are formed from sediments over long period of time?
A. Igneous Rocks
B. Sedimentary Rocks
C. Metamorphic Rocks
D. Minerals
This refers to type of rock that was heated and compressed over time.
A. Igneous
B. Sedimentary
C. Metamorphic
D. All of the above
What is the natural process that causes one kind of rock to change into another kind?
A. Weathering
B. Rock Cycle
C. Sediments
D. Metamorphism
A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface is termed as:
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock
B. Extrusive sedimentary rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
D. Extrusive igneous rock
Which of the following is an example of an igneous rock?
A. Limestone
B. Coal
C. Sandstone
D. Granite
Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes responsible for the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
B. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
C. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
A student obtained a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from salt water solution bonds the sand grains together, forming a material that is most likely an:
A. extrusive igneous rock
B. intrusive igneous rock
C. metamorphic rock
D. sedimentary rock
Which of the following is true about rocks?
A. Rocks are composed of only one mineral.
B. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
C. Rocks do not contain minerals.
D. Coal is not considered a rock.
What is the type of rock formed from lava that cools quickly that results to finer grain and smaller size of crystals?
A. Extrusive igneous rock
B. Intrusive igneous rock
C. Sedimentary rock
D. Metamorphic rock
Fossils are found on this type of rocks.
A. Extrusive igneous rock
B. Intrusive igneous rock
C. Sedimentary rock
D. Metamorphic rock

Lesson 1 Rocks

Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals. Petrologist classified rocks based on how they were formed. In general, rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

What’s In

This module contains activities that will enhance the teaching-learning process among learners about the rocks. It deals with the characteristics of rocks and the properties exhibited by the rock. As the learner answers the questions, they will be able to classify and understand the concepts about three types of rocks. They will understand the process of their formation. Moreover, they will develop awareness on the importance of rocks to our daily life.

Notes to the Teacher

This module aims to develop learner’s awareness on the characteristics of rocks and the processes of their formation. This further develop their skills in classifying the rocks.

What’s New

Activity 1 Word Cryptogram

Directions: Arrange the letters to form the correct words by placing the correct letter sequence in the shaded box. Then, answer the riddle below by using the corresponding letters found in the numbered boxes in each item.

E	M	N	I	S	T	D	A	Y	E	R
S	E	D	I	M	E	N	T	A	R	Y
1

E	M	A	I	H	T	P	C	M	E	R

		2

G	E	N	O	S	U	C		O	R	I	K

								3

V	A	C	N	I	O	L

				4

C	A	S	I	L	T	C

		6		5

S

1	2	3	4	5	6

Riddle: the layers of sediments that accumulated and carry the records of the Earth’s history.

What is It

Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid outer core. A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. The aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held together by chemical bonds. Grains can be different in color, texture, and sizes. Geologists then group rocks into three categories based on how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists classify rocks based on how they were formed.

Three types of Rocks

Igneous– formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material that originates deep within the earth.

Two types of igneous rock:

A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock – forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then cools. The crystals are very small (fine-grained) since the cooling process is fast.

B. Intrusive/Plutonic – It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created by magma. The intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained).

Igneous rocks are classified based on

Composition– it refers to rock’s mineral and chemical make-up.
Felsic – igneous rocks that are light in colors; feldspar and silicates
Mafic – dark-colored igneous rocks made up of magnesium, calcium and iron
Intermediate – refers to igneous rocks between mafic and felsic composition.
Ultramafic – denotes igneous rocks that composed chiefly of mafic minerals.
Texture – overall appearance of a rock based on the size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral crystals.
Aphanistic – fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by aid of microscope.
Phaneritic – coarse-grained rocks
Porphyritic – large crystals with small crystals
Glassy – a rock that looks like colored glass with no visible mineral crystal.
Pyroclastic– results from explosive fragmentation of volcanic material.

Examples: Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro

[photo: collage titled “IGNEOUS ROCKS” showing rock samples labeled ANDESITE, BASALT, DIORITE, GABBRO, GRANITE, OBSIDIAN, PEGMATITE, PERIDOTITE, PUMICE, RHYOLITE, SCORIA, TUFF]

Metamorphic – forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks that have been altered by agents of metamorphism.

Examples: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite

Metamorphism – transformation of one rock type into another.

2 types of metamorphism

Regional-due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of the crust. It may happen when rock is buried deep below the surface of the earth.
Contact-the rock minerals and textures are changed mainly by heat due to contact with magma.

Classification:

1.Texture – refers to the size arrangement and grains within the rock.

Foliation – any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the rock.

a. Foliated rocks – can be arranged in terms of increasing metamorphism, and it appeared layered or banded with compressed mineral grains. Example: mica

b. Non-foliated rocks – usually made up of only few minerals.

[photo: collage titled “EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS” showing rock samples labeled GARNET AMPHIBOLITE, SLATE, SPHALERITE ORE ROCK, SCHIST, MARBLE, ECLOGITE, JADEITE, GNEISS]

Sedimentary rocks provide information about surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s past.

Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials called sediments, accumulate in layers and over long period of time harden into rocks.
Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary rocks.

Three types of sedimentary rocks

a. Clastic Sedimentary rock – formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale

b. Chemical – formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution. Example: Halite – formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates.

c. Organic – rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris Example: Coal – composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments.

[photo: collage titled “SEDIMENTARY ROCKS” showing rock samples labeled CHALK, LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE]

Activity 2 Name It!

Identify and classify the types of rocks below as to igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock.

[photo: white rock sample]

[photo: tan layered rock sample] 2. _____________________

[photo: banded dark and light rock sample] 3. _____________________

[photo: white speckled rock sample] 4. _____________________

[photo: dark speckled rock sample] 5. _____________________

Activity 3 Picture Perfect!

Collect at least five rock samples in your place and take a photo of the samples. Describe the characteristics of each rock depending on their appearance, texture, color, and layers (or bands). Then classify them as to igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock. Place the photo of rocks on the box and the needed data on the space provided.

[transcriber’s note: each of the five boxes is an empty frame for a photo of a rock sample, followed by the three fields below]

Type of Rock: _________________________________________