Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Quarter 2 Module 6: Concept of DRR and DRRM

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Quarter 2 – Module 6: Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR) and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

Senior High School

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ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY MODE

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 6: Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Cheryl A. Retio, Emerina Clarisse R. Bernante, Louise A. Ferrer, Mark Anthony C. Mamon

Editor: Ma. Lanie A. Socorro, Ed.D.

Reviewers: Raquel M. Austero, Ph.D.

Illustrator: Mark Anthony C. Mamon

Layout Artist: Louise A. Ferrer, Oliver O. Ostulano

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Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Quarter 2 – Module 6 Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR) and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

Senior High School

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you understand the Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM). This module provides discussions and activities that will help you learn the concepts, ideas, and relevant information about the lesson.

The module is all about the Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. discuss the key concepts, principles, and elements of DRR
2. recognize the importance of DRR on one’s life

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT true about disasters?
   A. A disaster may involve widespread losses and impacts whether human, material, economic, or environmental.
   B. A disaster is the disruption of a community’s function which exceeds its ability to cope and recover on its own
   C. A disaster is a result of the combination exposure to a hazard, Vulnerability, and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences.
   D. None of the above.

   
   

2. What is the main objective of disaster rehabilitation and recovery?
   A. To develop a comprehensive DRRM plan.
   B. To allocate funds for the implementation of the plan before, during and after a disaster.
   C. To construct, rehabilitate, restore, and improve facilities, livelihood, and living conditions of the organizational capacities of the affected communities.
   D. To build and strengthen capacities of the communities to anticipate, handle, and recover from the negative effects of emergency occurrences and disasters.

   
   

3. Which of the following is NOT true about the principles of DRRM?
   A. Individuals are not responsible for their own safety.
   B. Organizations should function as an extension of their core business.
   C. Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government.
   D. Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose.

   
   

4. Which is defined as a “dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage”.
   A. Hazard
   B. Disaster
   C. Capacity
   D. Vulnerability

   
   

5. Which of the following involves a wide range of elements from engineering techniques to environmental policies and even public awareness?
   A. Prevention
   B. Mitigation.
   C. Adaptation
   D. Preparedness

   
   

6. Which is a term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks?
   A. Vulnerability
   B. Disaster Risk
   C. Disaster Response
   D. Disaster Risk Reduction

   
   

7. What is the main objective of disaster preparedness?
   A. To develop a comprehensive DRRM plan.
   B. To allocate funds for the implementation of the plan before, during and after a disaster.
   C. To construct, rehabilitate, restore, and improve facilities, livelihood, and living conditions of the organizational capacities of the affected communities.
   D. To build and strengthen capacities of the communities to anticipate, handle, and recover from the negative effects of emergency occurrences and disasters.

   
   

8. Which of the following is the importance of DRRM?
   A. Identification, assessment, and monitor disaster risks and improve early warning systems.
   B. The reduction of underlying risk factors.
   C. Utilization and application of knowledge, innovation, and education to establish a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
   D. All of the above.

   
   

9. Which is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called “disaster relief”?
   A. Response
   B. Recovery
   C. Rehabilitation
   D. Reconstruction

   
   

10. Which is defined as the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals?
    A. Capacity
    B. Risk
    C. Hazard
    D. Vulnerability

    
    

11. Which of the following is a key element of DRRM?
    A. Mitigation
    B. Adaptation
    C. Preparedness
    D. All of the above.

    
    

12. Which of the following addresses the concerns of climate change and is sourced from the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?
    A. Adaptation
    B. Preparedness
    C. Mitigation
    D. Prevention

    
    

13. Which of the following expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance?
    A. Prevention
    B. Mitigation
    C. Preparedness
    D. Rehabilitation

    
    

14. Which of the following agencies play a role in Hazard Identification?
    A. universities
    B. special technical agencies
    C. scientific/research agencies
    D. None of the above

    
    

15. Which of the following is conducted to reduce hazard risk?
    A. mitigation
    B. preparedness
    C. recovery
    D. response

    
    

Lesson 1 Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR) and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

The Fourteenth Philippine Congress passed the Republic Act 10121, or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Act of 2010 signed by former Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on May 27, 2010. This law strengthens and institutionalizes a disaster risk reduction and management system at the national, regional, provincial, and local levels. This addresses the disaster risks confronted by the Philippines which is the third most disaster-prone country in the world. In this module, you will understand key concepts, principles, and elements of DRRM and its importance to one’s life.

What’s In

In the last module, you learned about the basic response procedures during a fire incident and fire emergency evacuation plans. The effectiveness of response during emergencies depends on the amount of planning. Identifying key elements of a fire emergency preparation plan starts with the Emergency evacuation drills that must be conducted to ensure the safety of the people.

With this module, you will be now learning the key concepts, principles, elements of DRR, and the importance of DRR in one’s life.

Notes to the Teacher

Engage the students/learners to be leaders and planners of disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) in their family or community. Ask them to help other people by raising awareness about DRRM.

What’s New

Activity 1. True or False?

Directions: Write True if the statement is true and False if it is false.

_____1. Vulnerability is associated with the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

_____2. Exposure is the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes.

_____3. A disaster situation exceeds the capacity of the community or society affected to cope using its own resources.

_____4. Vulnerability is a set of conditions which increases the susceptibility of the community to the impact of hazards.

_____5. Hazard refers to a natural or manmade event that causes sudden disruption of normal life and the economy.

_____6. The media plays a role only in early warning.

_____7. Early warning systems can save lives.

_____8. The word ‘hazard’ can be used interchangeably with ‘disaster’.

_____9. Disasters can often be prevented and their impact mitigated.

_____10. Disaster risk reduction is not about saving lives and livelihoods by changing people’s mindsets.

What is It

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks. It is founded on the principle that while hazards are inevitable, its adverse effects like lost lives and/or destruction of property are not. There are steps that we can do to ensure reduction of risks. DRR actions can be political, technical, social and economic.

Before we proceed to the principles to DRR, it is essential that we first understand what a “disaster” actually entails. Defining the concepts of Disaster Risk,

the terminologies and their definitions are obtained from Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.

A. Disaster – the disruption of a community’s function which exceeds its ability to cope and recover on its own. It may involve widespread losses and impacts whether human, material, economic, or environmental.

Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of several things: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences.

Risk	Hazard	Vulnerability	Capacity
The word “risk” has two connotations: in general usage the emphasis is usually placed on the concept of chance or possibility on an event and its negative consequence, such as in “the risk of an accident”; whereas in technical settings the emphasis is usually placed on the consequences, in terms of “potential losses” for some particular cause, place and period. The term disaster risk therefore refers to the potential (not actual) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur	Defined as a “dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage”. Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity, probability and likely frequency. The hazards of concern to disaster risk reduction are hazards that arise from a variety of geological, meteorological,	Defined as the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability is a set of prevailing or consequential conditions arising from various physical, social, economic and environmental factors which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards Vulnerability also comprise various physical, social, economic, political and environmental factors that affect the ability of communities to respond to events.	Defined as the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals. Capacity may include infrastructure and physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management.

[transcriber’s note: table continued from the previous page]

Risk	Hazard	Vulnerability	Capacity
in a particular community or society over some specified future time period.	hydrological, oceanic, biological, and technological sources, sometimes acting in combination.

B. Exposure – the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes.

C. Disaster Risk – the potential loss in human lives, health status, livelihood, assets, and services due to the effects of a disaster.

D. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) – the concept and practice of analysis and management of the causes of disasters, through reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability, wise management of the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events, to reduce disaster risks

Disaster risk reduction usually requires long-term planning across sectors and must be integrated into general national and regional development strategies. DRR strategies usually begin with plans for assessing (a) the hazards and risks that threaten the target area, (b) the extent of harm that would occur to communities and infrastructure, and (c) the vulnerable people’s capacities to cope with and recover from possible disasters.

E. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) – the systematic process of using all available manpower and resources to implement various methods to lessen the impacts of hazards and the likelihood of a disaster

Principles of DRR and Management

• Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government.
• Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose.
• Organizations should function as an extension of their core business.
• Individuals are responsible for their own safety.
• Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events.
• Disaster management planning should recognize the difference between incidents and disasters.
• Disaster management operational arrangements must recognize the involvement and potential role of non-government agencies.

Figure 1: Shows the key elements of DRRR and Management

	PRE-EVENT
Prevention	The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Prevention expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance. Can be in the form of proper land use or using suitable engineering design. (However, oftentimes complete avoidance of losses is not feasible and the task transforms to that of mitigation)
Mitigation	The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. While the adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully, their scale or severity can be substantially lessened by various strategies and actions. Mitigation measures involve a wide range of elements from engineering techniques to environmental policies and even public awareness.
Adaptation	The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. This definition addresses the concerns of climate change and is sourced from the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Preparedness	The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

	POST-EVENT
Response	The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called “disaster relief”.
Recovery	The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. The recovery task of rehabilitation and reconstruction begins soon after the emergency phase has ended, and should be based on pre-existing strategies and policies that facilitate clear institutional responsibilities for recovery action and enable public participation.

Four Thematic Areas of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

The four thematic areas of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) are based on the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) for 2011 – 2028. The terminologies and their definitions are obtained from Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. and the Department of Education School Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Manual Booklet 1.

Thematic Area 1: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Disaster Prevention includes the measures taken to avoid the unfavorable impacts of hazards and related disasters. Disaster Mitigation is the lessening or limiting the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters

Overall responsible government agency: Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

Thematic Area 2: Disaster Preparedness

It is the knowledge and capacity to effectively foresee, respond, and recover from the impacts of hazard events or conditions.

Overall responsible government agency: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

Thematic Area 3: Disaster Response

This includes the availability of services to assist affected groups during or immediately after a disaster, intending to save lives, reduce impacts, ensure safety, and meet the basic needs of affected groups.

Overall responsible government agency: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

Thematic Area 4: Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

Rehabilitation refers to the ability of affected communities to return to their normal functions by increasing their organizational capacity to restore livelihood and damaged facilities. Recovery includes the actions and measures taken after a disaster to rebuild, restore, or improve the living conditions of the affected community while reducing the risks of disaster.

Overall responsible government agency: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)

The significant activities under the 4 thematic areas include:

1. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

   • Early warning systems
   • Flood forecasting and monitoring
   • Hazard and risk mappings
   • Structural and non-structural interventions

2. Disaster Preparedness

   • Contingency planning
   • Prepositioning and stock-piling
   • Capacitating and organizing responders
   • Training, drills and exercises
   • Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment

3. Disaster Response

   • Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA)
   • Issuance of advisories and situation reports
   • Activation of Response Clusters and Incident Command System (ICS)
   • Mobilization of responders
   • Humanitarian assistance (eg relief distribution)
   • Provision of financial assistance
   • Management of evacuation centers

4. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

   • Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
   • Enhancement of policies and plans
   • Reconstruction using “build back better” approach
   • Resettlement
   • Provision of new sources of livelihood

Importance of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Based on the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the implementation of disaster risk reduction enables countries or communities to target the priorities for actions:

1. Identification, assessment, and monitor disaster risks and improve early warning systems.

   
   

2. The reduction of underlying risk factors.

   
   

3. Utilization and application of knowledge, innovation, and education to establish a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.

   
   

4. To intensify disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery at all levels, from national down to local levels.

   
   

What’s More

Activity 2. Four thematic areas

Directions: Give at least 3 significant activities under the 4 thematic areas.

1. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
   a.) _____
   b.) _____
   c.) _____

   
   

2. Disaster Preparedness
   a.) _____
   b.) _____
   c.) _____

   
   

3. Disaster Response
   a.) _____
   b.) _____
   c.) _____

   
   

4. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
   a.) _____
   b.) _____
   c.) _____

   
   

Activity 3. Importance of DRRR

Directions: Give 5 importance of DRRR in our family and community. Fill up the provided space in the figure below.

[chart: concept web; Figure 1.Importance of DRRR]

Center label: IMPORTANCE OF DRRR

[transcriber’s note: the five surrounding circles are empty]

Figure 1.Importance of DRRR

Activity 4. Matching type

Directions: Match the following terms in column A with their corresponding definition in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer before each number.

A	B
______1. Hazard	A. the disruption of a community’s function which exceeds its ability to cope and recover on its own
______2. Vulnerability	B. the combination of all the strengths,attributes and resources available within a community that can be used to achieve agreed goals risks and strengthen resilience
______3. Capacity	C. likelihood of loss of life, health status, livelihood, assets, and services due to the effects of a disaster
______4. Disaster	D. the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
______5. Disaster Risks	E. dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts

What I Have Learned

Directions: Think about disasters, and complete the phrases given below.

1. I’m thinking about _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________.
2. It reminds me of _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________.
3. I’m feeling ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________.
4. I just learned ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Paint me a picture!

Directions: Draw a picture describing the disaster. Then discuss – how did the disaster happen? What actions did the community take? What would you do? Discuss briefly.

[transcriber’s note: empty box for drawing]

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Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which are the components of the cycle of disaster?

   • A. preparedness, vulnerability assessment
   • B. assessment, risk assessment, recovery
   • C. mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery
   • D. mitigation, risk assessment, response, and recovery

2. Which refers to the ability of a system exposed to hazards to resist and recover from its effects promptly and efficiently?

   • A. Adaptation
   • B. Disaster Risk
   • C. Disaster Risk Reduction
   • D. Resilience

3. Which is NOT a component of disaster management?

   • A. construction
   • B. preparedness
   • C. recovery
   • D. response

4. Which thematic area refers to the knowledge and capacity to effectively foresee, respond, and recover from the impacts?

   • A. Disaster Preparedness
   • B. Disaster Response
   • C. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
   • D. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

5. Which thematic area includes the measures taken to avoid the unfavorable impacts of hazards and related disasters?

   • A. Disaster Preparedness
   • B. Disaster Response
   • C. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
   • D. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

6. Which refers to the extent to which a community, structure, services, or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a hazard?

   • A. capacity
   • B. hazard assessment
   • C. risk
   • D. vulnerability

7. Which refers to the adjustment in response to an actual or expected event which moderates the negative effects or makes use of opportunities for the benefit of the community?

   • A. Adaptation
   • B. Disaster Risk
   • C. Disaster Risk Reduction
   • D. Resilience

8. Which thematic area includes the availability of services to assist affected groups during or immediately after a disaster?

   • A. Disaster Preparedness
   • B. Disaster Response
   • C. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
   • D. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

9. Which team understands and knows how to deal with specific health problems or medical needs?

   • A. medical assistance
   • B. provincial Governors
   • C. search and rescue
   • D. relief distribution

10. Which refers to the ability of affected communities to return to their normal functions by increasing their organizational capacity to restore livelihood and damaged facilities?

    • A. Adaptation
    • B. Recovery
    • C. Resilience
    • D. Rehabilitation

11. Which of the following includes the actions and measures taken after a disaster to rebuild, restore or improve the living conditions of the affected community while reducing the risks of disaster?

    • A. Adaptation
    • B. Recovery
    • C. Resilience
    • D. Rehabilitation

12. Which of the following expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance.?

    • A. Prevention
    • B. Mitigation
    • C. Department of Interior and Local Government
    • D. All of the above

13. Which is the leading agency for Disaster Response?

    • A. Department of Science and Technology
    • B. Department of Social Welfare and Development
    • C. Department of Interior and Local Government
    • D. All of the above

14. Which is the systematic process of using all available manpower and resources to implement various methods to lessen the impacts of hazards and the likelihood of a disaster?

    • A. Disaster
    • B. Disaster Risk
    • C. Disaster Risk Reduction
    • D. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

15. Which is the concept and practice of analysis and management of the causes of disasters through reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability, wise management of the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events to reduce disaster risks?

    • A. Disaster
    • B. Disaster Risk
    • C. Disaster Risk Reduction
    • D. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Additional Activities

It is important to know about the kinds of disasters that can happen where you live and where you go to school. The best way to learn more is to ask questions.

Directions: Call your local emergency management office or local Red Cross chapter. You can ask questions like these:

1. What kinds of disasters can happen here?

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2. What can we do to be ready?

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3. How does our town warn us that a disaster is coming?

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4. How will we know when to evacuate?

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Answer Key

What I Know

1. D
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. D
8. D
9. A
10. A
11. D
12. A
13. A
14. D
15. A

Assessment

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. C

What’s New

Activity 1

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. False

What’s More

Activity 2

1. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
   • a. Early Warning Systems
   • b. Flood forecasting and monitoring
   • c. Hazard and risk mappings
2. Disaster Preparedness
   • a. Contingency Planning
   • b. Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment
   • c. Training Drills and Exercises
3. Disaster Response
   • a. Humanitarian Assistance
   • b. Management of Evaluation Centers
   • c. Mobilization of responders
4. Disaster Rehabilitation
   • a. Enhancement of Policies and Plans
   • b. Resettlement
   • c. Provision of New Sources of Livelihood

Activity 3

Importance of DRRR

1. Improve early warning systems.
2. The reduction of underlying risk factors.
3. To intensify disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery at all levels, from national down to local levels.
4. Utilization and application of knowledge, innovation, and education to establish a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
5. Monitor disaster risks.

Activity 4

1. E
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. C

What I have Learned

1. I’m thinking about the Four Thematic areas, concepts, principles, and importance of DRRM. (Answer may vary)

References

“Multiple Choice Quiz.” 2019. Oup.Com. 2019. https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195177992/chap09/chap09_multiple_choice/.

Sarmiento, Juan. n.d. “FIU Digital Commons Disaster Risk Reduction, DD04 – Study Guide and Course Text.” Accessed August 2, 2020. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=drr_fac.

“EXAMINING PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER REPORTING: TOT A TRAINING COURSE FOR ENTRY LEVEL JOURNALISTS Sub-Deliverable of Deliverable 14.” 2014. https://nidm.gov.in/pdf/ncrmp/Deliverable%2014-1.pdf.

rizwan81. 2013. “DRR Basic Concepts and Terminologies of Disaster Risk Reduction DRR.” September 21, 2013. https://www.slideshare.net/rizwan81/drr-basic-concepts-and-terminologies-of-disaster-risk-reduction-drr?next_slideshow=1.

“2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction.” n.d. Www.Undrr.Org. https://www.undrr.org/publication/2009-unisdr-terminology-disaster-risk-reduction.

markanthonymargallo. 2018. “CHAPTER 9:CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT.” Blog. January 25, 2018. https://markanthonymargallo.wordpress.com/2018/01/25/chapter-9concept-of-disaster-risk-reduction-and-management/.

Samie Cabural. n.d. “Disaster Risk Reduction and Management.” Accessed December 16, 2020. https://www.slideshare.net/SamieCabural/disaster-risk-reduction-and-management.

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