This is the Self-Learning Module (SLM) for 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Grade 12 (Senior High School), Quarter 1, Module 2: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Pre-colonial Period. It looks at Philippine literature before the Spaniards arrived: who made it, what forms it took, and why most of it survived only by word of mouth. After working through it, learners should be able to describe pre-colonial literature and compare its forms with the literary genres of today.
What learners will learn
The module is based on these most essential learning competencies (MELCs):
- Identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary, and representative texts and authors from each region, for example through oral history research on key personalities from the learner’s region, province, or town (EN12Lit-Ib)
- Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from earlier genres and periods, citing their elements, structures, and traditions (EN12Lit-Id-25)
By the end of the module, learners are expected to:
- Identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history in the pre-colonial era.
- Compare and contrast 21st century literary genres with earlier genres, citing their elements, structures, and traditions.
- Determine representative texts and authors of the period through oral history research.
- Situate selected texts in the current context to enrich understanding.
Lessons in this module
The module has one lesson, Philippine Literature during Pre-colonial Period. It covers life in the Philippines before colonization, the main features of pre-colonial literature, and its types, from folk tales and epics to proverbs and riddles.
Life and literature before the Spaniards
The module calls the pre-colonial period the longest in Philippine literary history. Artifacts found in the Tabon Cave in Palawan, explored by a team from the National Museum, range from about 50,000 years ago to the 14th century A.D.
Key facts about society at the time:
- Filipinos were ruled by chieftains of different barangay (villages).
- There was no formal education. People learned by imitation and practice.
- Animism, the belief in spirits and supernatural beings, was dominant. Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism were also practiced.
- Trading with India, China, and other Southeast Asian neighbors exposed early Filipinos to different religions and cultures.
- Social ranks and classes existed. Trade, marriage, feasting, and alliances shaped economic and political life.
Main features of pre-colonial literature
- It was mostly oral, passed down from generation to generation. Few written works survived, so no notable authors were recorded.
- Its language came from daily life, and its subjects were everyday experiences: hunting for food, work at home, caring for children, and things in nature.
- Anyone who knew the language and its forms could be a poet, singer, or storyteller.
- Rites and ceremonies involved reciting, singing, or chanting.
- The epic was the most exciting form. An ASEAN-sponsored study found more than 100 epics, most of them from Palawan.
- Most collected proverbs and epigrams come from Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano.
- The old writing system, Baybayin, was cited by Pedro Chirino in the 1500s and was later approved as the National Writing System through House Bill No. 1022.
Types of pre-colonial literature
| Type | What it is |
|---|---|
| Folk tales | Anonymous, timeless, placeless stories passed on orally |
| Legends | Prose stories about the origin of a thing, place, or name |
| Myths | Stories with characters who have supernatural powers, explaining why something or someone exists |
| Epics | Long narrative poems about the heroic deeds of a main character |
| Folk songs | Considered the oldest form; they express the hopes, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos, such as kundiman, kumintang, oyayi or hele (lullaby), and drinking songs |
| Other forms | Salawikain (proverbs), bugtong (riddles), bulong (chants), maxims, kasabihan (sayings), sawikain (idioms), and the tanaga, a poem of four rhyming lines of 7 syllables each |
The module gives special attention to proverbs. It cites Damiana L. Eugenio, called the “Mother of Philippine Folklore,” who sorted proverbs into six groups: attitudes toward life, ethical proverbs, proverbs on values, general truths about human nature, humorous proverbs, and miscellaneous proverbs. Two examples in the module are Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa (God helps those who help themselves) and Habang maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot (when the blanket is short, learn to curl up under it).
How to use this module
The module follows the usual SLM order:
- What I Know: a 10-item multiple-choice pretest.
- What’s In: draw a scary creature from a Filipino urban legend and describe how it makes you feel.
- What’s New: a reading on spiritual traditions and trade, and the “ReCREATEion” activity, where you plan a day from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. without gadgets or internet.
- What is It: the main discussion summarized above.
- What’s More: Activity 1, Appreciating Words of Wisdom (true or false items, explaining two proverbs, and collecting sayings from your elders), and Activity 2, Becoming Real Heroes (comparing a mythical hero with a real-life hero and writing about being a hero in your own way).
- What I Have Learned: a fill-in-the-missing-letters review.
- What I Can Do: “Lit and Art,” a drawing of your ideal Philippines with a short explanation.
- Assessment: a 10-item multiple-choice post-test.
- Additional Activities: compare two regional stories about how the world began using a Venn diagram.
Learners: Write all answers on a separate sheet of paper, not on the module. Use the answer key only to check your work after you answer.
Parents: Help your child with the activities that ask about family sayings and local stories, since elders are often the best source.
Teachers: The Notes to the Teacher suggest explaining that stories about aswang, kapre, and engkanto are part of the oral tradition handed down by our ancestors, a key feature of the pre-colonial period.
Frequently asked questions
What grade and quarter is this module for?
It is for Grade 12 Senior High School learners taking 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Quarter 1, Module 2.
Why are there no known authors of pre-colonial Philippine literature?
Most pre-colonial literature was oral and passed down by word of mouth. Only a few written works survived, so no notable authors were recorded.
What is the difference between a legend and a myth?
A legend explains the origin of a thing, place, or name, and its characters have realistic human qualities. A myth has characters with supernatural powers and explains why something or someone exists.
What is a tanaga?
A tanaga is a pre-colonial Filipino poem of four rhyming lines with 7 syllables each.
Does the module have an answer key?
Yes. The answer key covers the pretest, the true or false items in Activity 1, the What I Have Learned review, and the post-test.
Full text of the module
The text below is a transcription of the PDF above, as printed.
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Pre-colonial Period
[illustration: students reading and studying under a tree, a teacher with a student at a desk, a globe, and a child writing by a lamp]
CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 2
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World– Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 2: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Pre-colonial Period First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
| Development Team of the Module | |
|---|---|
| Writers: | Mirasol C. Eugenio, Astrid E. Arevalo |
| Editor: | Marilou S. Syjueco |
| Reviewers: | Nenita J. Rivera, Melibeth D.C. Ruiz, Irene M. Raya, Felisa I. Salud, Aprilyn G. Reyes, Anna Margarita L. Arcega, Nerissa B. Mendoza, Ralph Joseph Quiaoit |
| Layout Artists: | Mirasol C. Eugenio, Astrid E. Arevalo, Ana Lisa M. Mesina |
| Management Team: | Malcolm S. Garma Genia V. Santos Dennis M. Mendoza Micah S. Pacheco Josefina M. Pablo Dalisay E. Esguerra Hilda C. Valencia |
Printed in the Philippines by _____________________
Department of Education – NCR
Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City, Metro Manila Telefax: (632) 8929-0153 E-mail Address: depedncr@deped.gov.ph
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Pre-colonial Period
Senior High School
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
In general, this module aims to encourage the learners to appreciate and critically study the various dimensions, genres, elements, structures, contexts, and traditions of the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines. Moreover, the learners are expected to show understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine literature from the regions by writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and by doing an adaptation using various multimedia platforms. Specifically, Module 2 focuses on literature during pre-colonial period.
The module covers only one topic, that is:
● Lesson 1 – Philippine Literature during Pre-colonial Period
After going through this module, you are expected to:
MELC: Write a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing an adaptation of these require from the learner the ability to identify: (EN12Lit-Ib) the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in oral history research with focus on key personalities from the students’ region/province/town) Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions (EN12Lit-Id-25)
- identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history in the pre-colonial era;
- differentiate/compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions;
- determine representative texts and authors during this period through oral history research; and
- situate selected texts in the current context to enrich understanding.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
What does refer to the old system of writing that existed during the pre-colonial period?
A. Alibata
B. Ancient Transcript
C. Baybayin
D. OrikWhat spiritual tradition is dominant among early Filipinos?
A. Animism
B. Buddhism
C. Christianity
D. IslamWhich form of literature does NOT exist during the pre-colonial period?
A. Drama
B. Myth
C. Riddle
D. SongWhat type of pre-colonial literature is this: “Ang taong hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan, kailanma’y hindi makararating sa paroroonan”?
A. Kasabihan
B. Kawikaan
C. Salawikain
D. SawikainWhich among the ancient literary titles is an example of myth?
A. Biag ni Lam-ang
B. Ibalon
C. The Cycle of the Sun and the Moon
D. The Prowess of AliguyonWhich religion does NOT exist during the pre-colonial period?
A. Buddhism
B. Catholicism
C. Hinduism
D. ProtestantismWhich type of pre-colonial literature is still prevalent today?
A. Chant
B. Essay
C. Kundiman
D. ProverbsWhich literary theme is often present in pre-colonial literature?
A. Christian faith
B. Nature
C. Oppression
D. RevolutionWhat discusses occurrence on the earth and how things on earth were created?
A. Epic
B. Fable
C. Legend
D. MythWhich is true about pre-colonial literature?
A. Pre-colonial literature is of low quality.
B. Pre-colonial literature is mostly about daily experiences.
C. Pre-colonial literature no longer exists in the 21st century.
D. Pre-colonial literature consists of both oral and written forms.
Lesson 2 Philippine Literature during Pre-colonial Period
The beginning period of Philippine literary history can be considered as the longest as evidenced by the artifacts of different periods recovered ranging from 50,000 years ago to 14th century A.D. in the Tabon Cave of Palawan. The said exploration was headed by a team from the National Museum where they found the oldest known human skeletal and fossil in the Philippines. The discovery later on led to the realization of our very own indigenous cultures before the presence of the Spanish colonizers through the analysis of collected oral literature preserved by our Filipino ancestors.
Literature during this period may be classified into three groups: folk speech, folk songs, and folk narratives such as riddles, proverbs, myths, legends, fables, and hero tales. Epics are of great proportions among oral literature in all regions.
What’s In
Recall a fearful creature that you have heard from any Pinoy urban legends. Draw its physical description and tell how you feel about it. Use a separate sheet for this activity.
Notes to the Teacher
Explain to the learners that stories about aswang, kapre, engkanto, and the like are all parts of rich Filipino cultures that have been handed down to us by our ancestors through oral tradition. This tradition is one key feature of pre-colonial period.
[transcriber’s note: these pages continue an earlier part of the module; the enclosing title and part headings are on earlier pages]
What’s New
Spiritual traditions and regular trading with our Asian neighbors such as India, China, and other countries from Southeast Asia had been part of our Filipino ancestors’ daily lives during the pre-colonial period. As a result, early Filipinos were exposed to various religions and cultures that shaped their values, beliefs, and traditions. Indigenous animism was predominant at the time, but Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism were also embraced. Other than being one of the largest Christian countries today, our country is also considered as predominantly Islamic since it was introduced in the 14th century as a foreign religion. Although, there was no formal education, early Filipinos already had their own government system.
Daily experiences and religious rites and ceremonies mostly reflect the type of literature produced at that time. Experts state the possibility of having our ancestors’ own system of writing during the pre-colonial period but unfortunately only few survived in terms of written form leading to the prevalence of oral literature. This explains why no notable authors were recorded.
ReCREATEion: In this 21st century era where gadgets and internet have invaded the people’s daily lives, it is quite unimaginable to stay at home especially during this pandemic to keep oneself entertained without the use of mobile phones (or other gadgets) and internet. Think of life during the pre-colonial period and complete this diagram to show the list of activities you imagine doing at home from 6am to 9pm without technology.
| TIME | ACTIVITY TITLE | BRIEF DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|---|
What is It
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (before the arrival of Spaniards)
Certain events in the Philippines during pre-colonial period started to be recorded in the year 1521. Our rich past was reflected in “folk speeches, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian neighbors” (Godinez-Ortega, n.d.).
In terms of government, Filipinos were ruled by chieftains of different barangay. The Malacañang Palace considered this as more on “alliance networking rather than territorial” (malacanang.gov.ph). There was no formal education. Learning was merely through imitation and practice. In general, the following were commonly practiced:
✔ Early Filipinos heavily believed on spirits and supernatural entities (animism). ✔ Social ranking and classes were practiced. ✔ Economic and political dimensions involved trading, marriage, feasting, and alliance.
Dimensions of Pre-colonial Literature
✔ Philippine literature during the pre-colonial era is mostly based on oral traditions passed down from generation to generation. ✔ The language used pertains to daily life. ✔ Common forms of oral literature are riddles, proverbs, and songs to express a thought or emotion. ✔ Epic was considered as the most exciting poetic and narrative form of literature in which the ASEAN-sponsored study of Filipino asserted that there are more than 100 epics discovered where majority came from Palawan (as cited by Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.). ✔ Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and proverbs collected by researchers come from Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano dialects. ✔ The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called Baybayin which was often cited in the work of Pedro Chirino during the 1500s, was later on approved as the National Writing System of the Philippines through House Bill No. 1022. ✔ The experiences of the people during pre-colonial period such as food hunting, work at home, caring for the children, and creatures or objects of nature served as the common subject in oral literature. ✔ Anyone who knew the language and the convention and forms could be a poet, singer, or storyteller. ✔ All important events such as rites and ceremonies reflect religious observance where people commonly recite, sing, or utter a chant.
Types of Pre-colonial Literature
✔ Folk Tales. These are stories which can be characterized as anonymous, timeless, and placeless tales circulated orally among a group of people. ✔ Legends. These are a form of prose which deal with the origin of a thing, location or name. ✔ Myths. Unlike legends where the characters have realistic human qualities, the characters here usually have supernatural powers where the main purpose is to provide explanation about the existence of something or someone. ✔ Epics. These pertain to a type of a long narrative poem mainly focusing on the heroic achievements and deeds of the main character. ✔ Folk Songs. These can be considered as the oldest forms of Philippine literature that mirror the culture which expresses hopes, aspirations, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos. Some examples are kundiman, kumintang, oyayi or hele and some drinking songs. ✔ Other Forms. Some examples are proverbs (salawikain), riddles (bugtong), chant (bulong), maxims or those with rhyming couplets of 5, 6, or 8 syllables, sayings (kasabihan), and idiom (sawikain). Tanaga is another favorite poem consisting of four rhyming lines of 7 syllables each.
What’s More
Activity 1: Appreciating Words of Wisdom
One timeless piece of literature that has been part of Filipino culture and tradition is a proverb or salawikain in our own language. Proverbs are brief expressions that serve as a norm which are commonly uttered by elders based on their everyday experiences to encourage positive behaviors among young people. One of the widely recognized collectors of comprehensive proverbs in our country is Damiana L. Eugenio who is considered as the “Mother of Philippine Folklore”. She classified proverbs into six categories: (1) proverbs expressing a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life; (2) ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices; (3) proverbs expressing a system of values; (4) proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature; (5) humorous proverbs and (6) miscellaneous proverbs. Answer the activities below to explore more about Filipino proverbs (as cited by Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.).
ASSESSMENT 1a: Determine whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).
_____ 1. The Spaniards were the first to introduce proverbs among early Filipinos. _____ 2. Proverbs serve as a guide for a righteous living. _____ 3. Proverbs are culturally specific but their meaning is universal in nature. _____ 4. Proverbs are numerous that it is impossible to classify them. _____ 5. There are proverbs for almost any situation.
ASSESSMENT 1b: Explain briefly the meaning of each classic Filipino proverb and relate it to your personal experiences.
- Tagalog proverb: Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa.
English translation: God helps those who help themselves.
- Tagalog proverb: Habang maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot.
English translation: When the blanket is short, learn to curl up under it.
ASSESSMENT 1c: List down a compilation of your most valued words of wisdom that you often hear from your parents, grandparents, other elders in the family, or any most influential people in your life. Explain how these words of wisdom helped or guided you in many ways. Use a separate sheet for this activity.
Activity 2: Becoming Real Heroes
A bigger bulk of oral literature in most regions of the Philippines during the pre-colonial period existed in the form of epics. Evidently, early Filipinos appreciated supernatural powers and heroic deeds. These are attributed to their beliefs on animism.
ASSESSMENT 2a: Choose a local hero (mythical and real) whom you wish to study more. Complete the grid below:
| The Hero | His/ Her Great Acts | His/ Her Motives |
|---|---|---|
| My superhero (mythical) | ||
| My day-to-day hero (real) |
ASSESSMENT 2b: How can you be a real hero in your own simple way? Write a simple paragraph to explain your answer. Have a separate sheet for this activity.
What I Have Learned
FIGURE IT OUT: Fill in the missing letters to complete the word being described in each clue.
[illustration: row of empty letter boxes] Pre-colonial is mostly of (?) tradition.
[illustration: row of empty letter boxes] The characters in this folk narrative type of literature are animals that behave and act like human beings.
[illustration: row of empty letter boxes] These lengthy narrative poems tell a story of a distress hero with extraordinary strength.
[illustration: two rows of empty letter boxes] This is considered as an oldest form of pre-colonial literature.
This is one purpose of pre-colonial literature.
[illustration: row of empty letter boxes]
What I Can Do
LIT AND ART: If you had a superpower and you were given the chance to make your ideal Philippines, what would it be? Draw your creation on a short bond paper and color it. Write a simple paragraph to explain your drawing at the back portion.
Assessment
Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
What is the period before colonization of a region or territory?
- A. Colonial
- B. Post-colonial
- C. Pre-colonial
- D. Pre-history
What is the official system of writing in the Philippines which already existing even during pre-Spanish period?
- A) Alibata
- B) Baybayin
- C) Cuneiform
- D) Hieroglyphics
Which best describes the type of education during pre-colonial period?
- A. Bias
- B. Formal
- C. Harsh and strict
- D. Imitative and informal
Which does NOT belong to the form of pre-colonial literature?
- A. Epics
- B. Idioms
- C. Proverbs
- D. Riddles
Which folk narrative deals with the story of a mortal with supernatural power?
- A. Epic
- B. Fable
- C. Legend
- D. Myth
Which is true about the pre-colonial period?
- A. Our limited access to pre-colonial literature is because of the absence of a system of writing during this period.
- B. Trading with foreign neighboring countries resulted in the diversity of our cultures.
- C. Ancient Filipinos were not influenced by foreign countries.
- D. Many literary forms were written during this period.
Which subject or theme was prevalent in pre-colonial literature?
- A) Daily encounters and activities in life
- B) Sense of nationalism
- C) Poverty
- D) Religion
What is common about legends and myths?
- A. They both provide explanations as to the origin of something or someone.
- B. They both tell the heroic deeds of a certain character.
- C. Characters both have supernatural powers.
- D. These are both inspired by true experiences.
In which tradition do fables, myths, and legends originally belong?
- A. Classical
- B. Historical
- C. Oral
- D. World
Which is true about pre-colonial literature?
- A. Literature does not exist in this period.
- B. Literature during this period was mostly written.
- C. Modern people still enjoy primitive literature.
- D. Modern people do not enjoy primitive literature.
Additional Activities
During the pre-colonial period, our ancestors attempted to provide an explanation of anything that they encountered through myths and legends. What story or stories do you know about how the world began? Read at least two retold versions from different regions. Compare and contrast the two versions using Venn diagram.
[chart: Venn diagram; two overlapping circles, no labels printed]
What is it that you found puzzling, interesting, intriguing, or strange in the story? Is it similar to your belief of how the world began? Why or why not? Have a separate sheet for this activity.
Answer Key
[transcriber’s note: the answer key table is printed rotated; its cells are transcribed below, with the stacked “What’s More” and “What I Have Learned” sections placed in the second column]
| What I Know | What’s More | Assessment |
|---|---|---|
| 1. C | Assessment 1a 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T What I Have Learned 1. oral 2. fable 3. epic 4. folk song 5. entertainment | 1. C |
| 2. A | 2. B | |
| 3. A | 3. D | |
| 4. C | 4. A | |
| 5. C | 5. D | |
| 6. B | 6. B | |
| 7. D | 7. A | |
| 8. B | 8. A | |
| 9. C | 9. C | |
| 10. B | 10. C |
References
Godinez-Ortega, C. (n.d.). The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature. Retrieved from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary- arts/the-literary-forms-in-philippine-literature/
Gripaldo, R.M. (2013). Filipino Philosophy: A Western Tradition in an Eastern Setting (3rd Revision). Manila: Philippine National Philosophical Research Society. Retrieved from https://philpapers.org/rec/GRIFPA
Quindoza-Santiago, L. (n.d.). Early Philippine Literature. Retrieved from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary-arts/early-philippine-literature/
Szczepanski, K. (2019). “Revolutionary Heroes of the Philippines.” Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/revolutionary-heroes-of-the-philippines-195657
Tabon Caves- Cradle of Philippine Civilization. Retrieved from http://www.discover-palawan.com/tabon-caves/
The Rarely Told Story of Pre-colonial Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/pre-colonial-philippines-0010781
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph
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